Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is receiving increasing interest, as much as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide have received previously, to understand its physiological functions as it meets all the criteria to define as a third gasotransmitter. Endogenous synthesis from L-cysteine via cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and the function of H2S as an inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction in gastrointestinal tract are known. However, the loci of generation and action of H2S, and the mechanism of inhibition of contraction are unknown. Hence, my aims in the present study are to: i) identify the expression of enzymes in smooth muscle, ii) determine the effects of endogenously released and exogenously applied H2S on smooth muscle function; and iii) identify the targets and mechanism involved in mediating the effects of H2S using isolated smooth muscle cells from rabbit colon. I have identified the expression of CSE, but not CBS, in smooth muscle and demonstrated that L-cysteine (an activator of CSE) and NaHS (H2S donor): 1) inhibited carbachol-induced contraction in muscle strips and isolated muscle cells that was independent of KATP channels, a known S-sulfhydration target of H2S; 2) induced S-sulfhydration of small G protein, RhoA leading to inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase activities, a key pathway in the sustained smooth muscle contraction; and 3) inhibited PDE5 activity leading to augmentation NO-induced cGMP formation and muscle relaxation. Sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor) induced an increase in H2S production via PKG-dependent phosphorylation and activation of CSE. We conclude that smooth muscle cells selectively express CSE, and endogenous generation of H2S via activation of CSE inhibits muscle contraction and augments muscle relaxation. Inhibition of contraction is mediated via S-sulfhydration of RhoA and suppression of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Augmentation of relaxation is mediated via inhibition of PDE5 activity and stimulation of cGMP/PKG pathway, which in addition initiates generation of H2S via PKG-mediated phosphorylation and activation of CSE. The findings are important in providing the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulation of smooth muscle function by H2S and could offer insights for the development of therapeutic agents that may act on smooth muscle in the gut to treat motility disorders.

H2S é um gasotransmissor com atua regulando processos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos. É sintetizado principalmente pelas enzimas cistationinagama-liase (CSE) e cistationina beta-sintase (CBS), ambas dependentes do co-fator 5-fosfato de pirodoxal, e que utilizam o L-cisteína como substrato. Essas enzimas estão presentes no fígado. O camundongo knockout para CBS (CBS KO) apresenta fenótipo de homocistinúria, ou seja, além da homocisteinemia apresenta estresse oxidativo, fibrose e esteatose hepática. Ademais, há estudos in vitro sugerindo um papel desse gás reduzindo a captação de glicose hepática. A hipótese desse projeto é que haja redução precoce da produção de H2S pelo fígado de camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (DHL) e esse seja um evento anterior à instalação do fígado gorduroso ou DGHNA associada à obesidade induzida pela DHL, DIO. Para isso, avaliamos a evolução ponderal, consumo alimentar e calórico diários, a tolerância a glicose e a insulina (GTT, ITT e Kitt), a morfohistologia hepática com corantes HE e picrocirius red, expressão proteica e gênica das enzimas CBS e CSE, a quantificação do conteúdo de triglicérides, a deteção de F4/80 e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (catalase, GPx e arginase) em amostras de fígado de camundongos machos C57Bl6 alimentados com a DHL por 5 períodos distintos (10, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias de dieta). Detectamos aumento da massa corporal final a partir de 20 dias de DHL. O consumo alimentar diário foi menor nos animais com a DHL, porém com maior consumo calório do que os respectivos controles. A glicemia basal foi maior nos animais com DHL desde os 10 dias, com exceção o grupo com 40 dias. Houve maior intolerância à glicose desde 10 dias de DHL seguida de resistência à insulina a partir de 20 dias de DHL. Foi detectada presença de vacúolos intracelular nos hepatócitos a partir de 20 dias de DHL, no entanto, a presença de hepatócitos comprometidos foi de aproximadamente 2% aos 20 dias da DHL, cerca de 5% aos 40 dias da DHL e aproximadamente 60% com 60 e 80 dias da DHL. Aos 80 dias de DHL foi detectada balonização de hepatócitos, presença de infiltrado inflamatório identificado pelo aumento da marcação com F4/80, maior detecção de fibras colágenas nos espaços vasculares e aumento da atividade da enzima sérica AST. Houve redução para aproximadamente 50% da produção do H2S nas amostras de fígado dos animais a partir de 40 dias da DHL, porém sem relação clara com as modificações detectadas na expressão das enzimas CBS e CSE. Diante desses dados, concluímos que a DHL leva à intolerância à glicose, seguida de aumento da massa corporal e resistência ao efeito hipoglicemiante da insulina e que o desenvolvimento de fígado gorduroso é um evento mais tardio. Vimos que o espectro da DGHNA desenvolvida apresenta características de esteato-hepatite incipiente, com balonização dos hepatócitos, infiltrado inflamatório presente, discreto aumento de deposição de fibras colágenas e aumento da enzima hepática circulante AST. A redução da produção do gás apareceu após a instalação da resistência à insulina, mas anterior ao estabelecimento da DGHNA. Portanto, concluímos que a alteração na produção hepática do H2S pode ser um evento precoce associado ao desenvolvimento da DGHNA e que merece ser investigado seu potencial papel na progressão de estatose a EHNA com fibrose e cirrose. No entanto, será importante buscar um outro modelo animal para estudo dessa evolução. / Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that regulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is primarily synthesized by cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), which are expressed in the liver, require 5\'-pyrodoxal phosphate as a co-factor, and use L-cysteine as a substrate. Interestingly, CBS knockout (CBS KO) mice present homocystinuria and associated homocysteinemia, as well as oxidative stress, fibrosis and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that this gas reduces hepatic glucose uptake. It was hypothesized that mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) would display an early reduction H2S production by the liver and that this event would occur prior to the establishment of fatty liver or NAFLD, which is associated with diet induced obesity (DIO). Towards the goal of gaining a better understanding of H2S production during the onset and progression of DIO, male C57B16 mice were fed a HFD for 10, 20, 40, 60 or 80 days. During the experimental period, weight evolution, daily food and caloric intake, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance (GTT, ITT and Kitt) were evalauted. At the end of each time period hepatocyte morphology was assessed by HE and picrocirius red staining, CBS and CSE gene and protein expression were evaluated, triglyceride content was quantified, F4/80 antigen was detected and antioxidant enzyme (catalase, GPx and arginase) activites were determined. The results showed that mice fed a HFD for 20 days or longer presented an increase in final body weight. All of the HFD groups presented reduced daily food intake, but higher caloric intake, when compared to their respective controls. All of the animals fed a HFD had increased basal glycemia levels, with the exception of the group fed the diet for 40 days. Reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were observed after consuming the HFD for 10 and 20 days, respectively. Intracellular vacuoles were detected in the hepatocytes after 20 days of the HFD. The amount of compromised hepatocytes increased from 2% after 20 days of the HFD, to about 5% after 40 days, to approximately 60% after 60 and 80 days. After consuming the HFD for 80 days, there was an observed ballooning of hepatocytes, increased F4/80 detection indicating the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, increased collagen fiber detection in the vascular spaces, and increased serum AST activity. There was a ~50% reduction in H2S production in the liver samples from animals fed a HFD for 40 days; however, there was no clear relationship with the alterations detected in CBS and CSE gene or protein expression. Based on the results, it was concluded that an HFD promotes glucose intolerance, followed by increased body mass and insulin resistance and that the development of fatty liver occurs later. Additionally, the spectrum of the developed NAFLD presented incipient steatohepatitis characteristics, such as: hepatocyte ballooning, inflammatory infiltrate, a slight increase in collagen fiber deposition, and an increase in circulating liver AST levels. The reduction in H2S gas production appeared after the installation of insulin resistance, but prior to the establishment of NAFLD. Therefore, we conclude that alterations in hepatic H2S production may be an early event associated with the onset of NAFLD and that its potential role in the progression of steatosis and NASH with fibrosis and cirrhosis deserves to be investigated. However, it will be important to evaluate this evolution in other animal models.