Thesis (doctoral)--University of East Anglia, 1997. / BLDSC reference no.: DX205749.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 14, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-99).

This thesis presents the results of analysis of the chronological evidence for the mesolithic–neolithic transition in the midlands and north of England. Over 600 pre-existing radiocarbon dates have been assessed as part of this analysis. Data have been collected from 40 historic environment records as well as published sources. Those which are robustly associated with late mesolithic or early neolithic material culture have been incorporated in Bayesian chronological models. These models estimate the currency of late mesolithic and early neolithic activity in different regions of the study area. In addition this thesis explores the chronological currency of different aspect of early neolithic material culture in regions across England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. By comparing estimates for the end of the mesolithic with estimates for the start of the neolithic, this thesis provides new evidence for processes which may have been at work during the mesolithic–neolithic transition. This thesis demonstrates that aspects of late mesolithic cultural were present across England and Wales, most probably in the 41st century cal BC when early neolithic material is first present in south-east England. I demonstrate that mesolithic material culture continued to be used in England after this time, most probably for 100–300 years. The latest evidence for mesolithic material culture occurs at the time when the neolithic appears across much of the country. The earliest neolithic appears in many areas considered in this thesis in 3850– 3750 cal BC. This said, there are some distinct regional trends for the slightly earlier or later appearance of neolithic material culture or practices. In all, across England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, the appearance of early neolithic material culture took 200–400 years. This chronological pattering suggests that a variety of processes were important in the appearance of neolithic material culture and practices across England.

This thesis identifies and interprets the 5th to 9th-century Anglo-Saxon artefacts found within modern Scotland. It uses them to consider material expressions of ethnogenesis and to examine political, economic and ecclesiastical relations within early medieval northern Britain. In total, 221 objects are catalogued and discussed. The earliest finds suggest contact with the changing late/post-Roman frontier, while among the latest objects is a hacked finger ring deposited in a Viking-age hoard. The corpus includes several pieces of early 6th-century Style I metalwork, a cluster of 7th-century elite gold and garnet fittings, a large number of glass beads, a group of loom weights, and a substantial body of 8th/9th-century strap-ends and pins. Many are stray finds, though material was identified among excavated assemblages from monastic, chapel, settlement, hillfort and crannog sites, and from the chance discovery of several hoards and burials. In an attempt to move beyond a culture-history paradigm that has been deeply embedded in past work on these artefacts, this thesis employs the theories of hybridisation and entanglement, emphasising agency in the selection and reimagination of material culture in processes of identity creation. It identifies evidence for the promulgation of an elite Anglo-Saxon identity in 7th-century Lothian and argues that the region was being presented as a royal heartland. Bordering areas appear to have rejected Anglo-Saxon material culture outright, while regions further away, particularly Galloway and Argyll, were receptive to using and hybridising it. It is suggested that these differences were governed by the desire to show difference from immediate neighbours (for instance between polities within the Solway region) or create new identities (for instance incorporating former kindred-groups in Argyll). Different patterns were apparent in the 8th/9th-century finds: south-east and south-west Scotland appear to have had similar access to late Anglo-Saxon material, including a handful of high-status objects manufactured within Northumbria, while other parts of Scotland produced relatively few finds beyond imported vessel glass and a scatter of metal finds along the coast. While this might suggest a similar cultural context across southern Scotland and a contrast to that north of the Forth–Clyde, differences in deposition, particularly in the presence of hoards in the south-west, show the material was clearly being used and conceived differently. Above all else, this thesis demonstrates that no work on early medieval Northumbria should ignore material found north of the modern national border.

This thesis explores British-led efforts to observe and map the earth’s magnetic field between 1833 and 1857. In doing so, the thesis examines how magnetic instruments, magnetic observers and magnetic instructions were mobilised in and across multiple geographies, from the Canadian Arctic, to the island of St Helena, to Van Diemen’s Land in the southern hemisphere and at many sites in between. Interest in terrestrial magnetic research burgeoned and was crystallised during the early nineteenth century in Britain and abroad and resulted in the creation of systems of physical observatories and the organisation of magnetic surveys. This work addresses what it meant to coordinate such a network by scrutinising what is popularly known as “the magnetic crusade”, but which was more commonly referred to at the time as the British magnetic scheme. There were several individuals involved in the formation of this scheme but this thesis focuses on two in particular: Edward Sabine and Humphrey Lloyd. In the correspondence of these two figures, we can follow the process by which terrestrial magnetic research was disciplined, its participants educated, its observational data organised and its instruments developed, deployed and used at different stations across the globe. This work seeks to extend and at times complicate our understanding of what it meant to coordinate a big Victorian scientific pursuit and explores among other things the management of instruments in different geographic contexts; the experience of scientific servicemen in the observatory and during surveying efforts; the space in which magnetic data were handled and the processes employed in reducing these data. In all, this thesis aims to recover the several different practices of place that attended the organisation of what was considered in the first half of the nineteenth century to be the greatest scientific endeavour yet pursued.

This analysis of the extant material evidence of the interiors of parish churches in Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire, 1560 -1640, challenges traditional assumptions about who decorated them, and what motivated them. Local studies show that what might appear as compliance to externally imposed requirements could also be a more complex story of parochial priorities and of local catalysts; some radical changes could appear traditional. Whilst donors' religious and secular motives were often interwoven, this study will show that there was no clear alignment between confessional positions and decoration, and that Protestantism continued to embrace the visual in parish churches. It will be argued that the enhancing of churches predated the 1630s, and anything that could be called Laudian. It is a central argument that Laudian should not be used as the reference point for church decoration, when Protestants of many hues, and some of no evidenced confessional position, were materialising 'the beauty of holiness'. In displaying layered identities, it will be shown that investors used similar images in domestic and public spaces. It will bring a new analysis of the furniture, fittings and fabric of parish churches which develops an understanding of the changed worshipping experience in those eighty years.

This thesis provides a history of the burgh of Glasgow during the adult reign of James VI (c.1585-1625). It is the first dedicated study of the burgh during this period and revises existing published work on Glasgow, which has tended to be teleological in choosing to focus on the way that developments in this period provided the basis for the town’s subsequent demographic and economic expansion in the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Here, the themes of Reformation and state formation are brought to the fore. The thesis argues that the period saw wholesale modernisation of Glasgow’s municipal administration and that this was driven by central government. The modernisation of local government in Glasgow is therefore used to support arguments about a ‘Stewart revolution in government’ and the ‘rise of the state’ under James VI. Between 1600 and 1606, the crown’s nominee as provost, Sir George Elphinstone of Blythswood, oversaw a wide-ranging programme of civic reform which established a constitution in the town that would last for more than a century. This period corresponded with the assertion of royal authority within the Kirk and the appointment of John Spottiswood as Archbishop of Glasgow in 1603. In discussing the impact of these developments upon Glasgow, the thesis also therefore provides the first examination of the ways in which the town experienced Scotland’s ‘Long Reformation’ and takes into account the activity of the Kirk there under both the Presbyterian and Episcopalian settlements. A new framework is offered for understanding the nature of change and continuity in Scotland’s late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century burghs, which focuses more precisely on the change wrought by processes of state formation and Reformation than historians have done hitherto. In doing so, the thesis sheds new light on three important areas of Scotland’s early modern history: the emergence of the Scottish ‘early modern town’ during the reign of James VI, the Reformation and Jacobean state formation.

This PhD explores the contribution to psychiatry of Thomas Ferguson Rodger (1907–1978), first Professor of Psychological Medicine at the University of Glasgow (1948–1973) and consultant psychiatrist at several Glasgow hospitals. Rodger is a somewhat neglected figure in the history of Scottish psychiatry, yet his career spanned - and in some measure also shaped - an important period of transformation as traditional asylum-based psychiatry was challenged by emergent general hospital- and community-based psychiatry. Rodger’s personal archive, including lecture notes, patient case notes, correspondence and miscellaneous items, has recently been catalogued by the University of Glasgow Archives through funding from the Wellcome Trust. This study comprises a forensic reading/interpretation of this archive, alongside oral histories with individuals who remember him and his immediate legacy in/beyond the University. Adopting perspectives drawn from the history/geography of psychiatry and medical humanities, it reconstructs Rodger’s life, ideas and practices, set within the changing ‘spaces’ of mid-twentieth century psychiatric medicine. This thesis reads across Rodger’s papers as well as sources within other repositories, allowing themes to emerge and develop which form the basis for discrete case studies in twentieth-century psychiatry. Rodger’s career, as reconstructed from his archive, provides a compelling aperture into psychiatric developments of the interwar, Second World War and post-war periods respectively. Beginning in the Second World War, it elaborates upon the link between Rodger’s and his fellow military psychiatrists’ endeavours in personnel selection and the inception of the therapeutic community model at Northfield Military Hospital in Birmingham. Foregrounding how the therapeutic ideals of the psychiatrists were subordinated to military aims and tradition, it speculates upon Rodger’s post-war re-envisioning of psychiatry as at least in part a reaction to the limited application of their techniques during wartime. The thesis then moves to the changing post-war therapeutic landscape, situating Rodger’s eclectic psychiatry within the context of deinstitutionalisation and the therapeutic armamentarium of ostensibly divergent physical and psychological methods. It complicates eclectic psychiatry’s straightforward descent from Meyer’s and Henderson’s dynamic psychiatry by positioning it as a response to the challenge of deinstitutionalisation in balancing between contrasting treatment methods, and additionally as a critical acknowledgement of the uncertainty afflicting understandings of mental disorder, especially with respect to the efficacy of physical therapies. Finally, the thesis returns to the earliest phase of Rodger’s career for which archival evidence exists: his times as Deputy Superintendent at Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital in the 1930s, when he was experimentally examining the resonances of psychoanalytic theories in his own work framed by the psychiatric pessimism of the time. Through discussion of dream analytic sessions, it elucidates Rodger’s dissatisfaction with psychoanalysis’ failure to account for environmental difficulties and stresses Rodger’s adoption of a more pragmatic ‘common-sense’ therapeutic attitude. Collectively, the thesis underlines Rodger’s self-critical stance towards his profession and his developing conviction about the significance of social/environmental and cultural factors in the causation and cure of mental distress.

This study explores the education of children living on the home front in England, and to a lesser extent Wales, during the Second World War. It uses oral histories, written memories and contemporary material, such as classroom work and children’s diaries, alongside archival documents. This multi-faceted approach allows us to ask what young people thought about school and in what ways their lives in the classroom adhered to or differed from the plans of political and educational authorities. In doing so, this thesis contributes to a growing literature which sets out to incorporate the child’s perspective into histories of education. Each chapter considers education from an increasingly broad perspective. It begins in the formal classroom familiar to children during the inter-war years but gradually expands to look at other sites of education – the outdoor environment of the countryside, the purpose-built camp schools, the wireless, and finally the streets and bomb-sites where children found themselves during long periods of school closures. Modes of learning beyond the traditional schoolroom reveal a more complete picture of children’s educational lives. Primarily, this research challenges the historiographical assumption that education was a ‘casualty’ of the Second World War. While acknowledging the disruptions facing the school system, it reveals the many ways in which individual institutions adapted to the circumstances of the conflict and took the opportunity to introduce a more child-centred curriculum suited to children dealing with difficulties elsewhere in their lives. This research also brings to light two models of citizenship underpinning state attitudes towards the education of children: the informed citizen and the participatory citizen. The authorities wanted to create a generation of active and educated young people and this took on a particular urgency during wartime. It is also possible to determine children’s reactions to this rhetoric. Some took great interest in the events of the conflict and joined local war efforts, but others rejected adult demands by becoming truants or recording discontent in their diaries. Although in many ways confined by adult structures, we see that children were able to negotiate agency over their learning lives within the context of these constraints.

The Late Iron Age in northern East Anglia ends with the Boudican revolt in 60/61 CE, after which, the people known as the Iceni were subsumed by the Roman empire. This thesis tests the archaeological evidence for the Iceni as a defined group, demonstrated by the distinctive character material culture in the region. It investigates the theory that they were slow to adopt Roman imports and luxury goods, either as a form of deliberate resistance or due to cultural retardation following the Boudican revolt. It also questions the interpretive narrative of the Iceni as ‘Other’, in both Classical and modern sources. My research expands upon previous studies, which have often been restricted to a single county, time period, or class of artefact. It includes a broad study of the three counties most closely associated with the Iceni: Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The chronological range (circa 100 BCE-200 CE) incorporates the Claudian invasion, Boudican rebellion and several generations either side. A large dataset of over 14,000 object records has been examined, drawn from county Historic Environment Records (HERs) and the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). This project reassesses many of the long-held stereotypes about the Iceni in the light of the dramatic increases in metal-detector finds over the past 20 years. This thesis demonstrates that: • A single unified social entity (‘the Iceni’) is not archaeologically visible across the study area, although there is intra-regional patterning. • Iron Age modes of expressing status and identity persisted under Roman rule, through the manufacture, use and display of objects. • Evidence is lacking for regional impoverishment and depopulation in the aftermath of the Boudican revolt. • Metal-detected surface finds have significant research potential when viewed across a wide area and in conjunction with stratified sites.