Software systems usually consist of multiple artefacts, such as requirements, class diagrams, or source code. Documents, such as specifications and documentation, can also be viewed as artefacts. In practice, however, writing and updating documents is often neglected because it is expensive and brings no immediate benefit. Consequently, documents are often outdated and communicate wrong information about the software. The price is paid later when a software system must be maintained and much implicit knowledge that existed at the time of the original development has been lost. A simple way to keep documents up to date is generation. However, not all documents can be fully generated. Usually, at least some content must be written by a human author. This handwritten content is lost if the documents must be regenerated. In this thesis, Elucidative Development is introduced. It is an approach to create documents by partial generation. Partial generation means that some parts of the document are generated whereas others are handwritten. Elucidative Development retains manually written content when the document is regenerated. An integral part of Elucidative Development is a guidance system, which informs the author about changes in the generated content and helps him update the handwritten content. / Softwaresysteme setzen sich üblicherweise aus vielen verschiedenen Artefakten zusammen, zum Beispiel Anforderungen, Klassendiagrammen oder Quellcode. Dokumente, wie zum Beispiel Spezifikationen oder Dokumentation, können auch als Artefakte betrachtet werden. In der Praxis wird aber das Schreiben und Aktualisieren von Dokumenten oft vernachlässigt, weil es zum einen teuer ist und zum anderen keinen unmittelbaren Vorteil bringt. Dokumente sind darum häufig veraltet und vermitteln falsche Informationen über die Software. Den Preis muss man später zahlen, wenn die Software gepflegt wird, weil viel von dem impliziten Wissen, das zur Zeit der Entwicklung existierte, verloren ist. Eine einfache Möglichkeit, Dokumente aktuell zu halten, ist Generierung. Allerdings können nicht alle Dokumente generiert werden. Meist muss wenigstens ein Teil von einem Menschen geschrieben werden. Dieser handgeschriebene Inhalt geht verloren, wenn das Dokument neu generiert werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird das Elucidative Development vorgestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Ansatz zur Dokumenterzeugung mittels partieller Generierung. Das bedeutet, dass Teile eines Dokuments generiert werden und der Rest von Hand ergänzt wird. Beim Elucidative Development bleibt der handgeschriebene Inhalt bestehen, wenn das restliche Dokument neu generiert wird. Ein integraler Bestandteil von Elucidative Development ist darüber hinaus ein Hilfesystem, das den Autor über Änderungen an generiertem Inhalt informiert und ihm hilft, den handgeschriebenen Inhalt zu aktualisieren.

O comércio de vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) tem crescido substancialmente nos últimos anos devido a sua conveniência, frescor e aparente salubridade. No entanto, o processamento mínimo não reduz as populações de microrganismos patogênicos para níveis seguros. A irradiação de alimentos é utilizada para estender a vida de prateleira e inativar patógenos presentes nos alimentos. Seu uso combinado com o processamento mínimo poderia aumentar a segurança e qualidade dos VMP. Dois diferentes métodos de detecção de alimentos irradiados, um biológico, o DEFT/APC, e outro bioquímico, o teste do cometa, foram aplicados a VMP com o objetivo de testar sua aplicabilidade na detecção do tratamento por radiação. O DEFT/APC é um método de varredura microbiológico baseado no uso da técnica de epifluorescência direta em filtro (DEFT) e da contagem padrão em placas (APC). O teste do cometa detecta o dano no DNA devido, por exemplo, a radiação ionizante. Amostras de acelga, agrião, alface, catalônia, couve, escarola, espinafre e repolho do comércio varejista foram irradiadas com 0,5kGy e 1,0kGy utilizando um irradiador de 60Co. O processamento por irradiação garantiu a redução de pelo menos dois ciclos logarítmicos nas populações de microrganismos aeróbios e psicrotróficos. Em geral, com o aumento das doses de radiação, as contagens DEFT se mantiveram similares independentemente do processamento por irradiação, enquanto as contagens APC diminuíram gradualmente. A diferença das duas contagens aumentou gradualmente com o incremento da dose em todas as amostras. Uma diferença entre o valor de DEFT e do APC maior a 2,0 log seria indicativa de que o VMP foi tratado por irradiação. O teste do cometa permitiu distinguir amostras não irradiadas das irradiadas, que mostraram diferentes tipos de cometas decorrentes da fragmentação do DNA. Tanto o método DEFT/APC quanto o teste do cometa foram satisfatoriamente utilizados como métodos de varredura para a detecção do tratamento por irradiação. / Marketing of minimally processed vegetables (MPV) are gaining impetus due to its convenience, freshness and apparent healthy. However, minimal processing does not reduce pathogenic microorganisms to safe levels. Food irradiation is used to extend the shelf life and inactivation of food-borne pathogens. Its combination with minimal processing could improve the safety and quality of MPV. Two different food irradiation detection methods, a biological, the DEFT/APC, and another biochemical, the DNA Comet Assay were applied to MPV in order to test its applicability to detect irradiation treatment. DEFT/APC is a microbiological screening method based on the use of the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) and the aerobic plate count (APC). DNA Comet Assay detects DNA damage due to ionizing radiation. Samples of lettuce, chard, watercress, dandelion, kale, chicory, spinach, cabbage from retail market were irradiated 0.5kGy and 1.0kGy using a 60Co facility. Irradiation treatment guaranteed at least 2 log cycle reduction for aerobic and psychrotroph microorganisms. In general, with increasing radiation doses, DEFT counts remained similar independent of irradiation processing while APC counts decreased gradually. The difference of the two counts gradually increased with dose increment in all samples. It could be suggested that a DEFT/APC difference over 2.0 log would be a criteria to judge if a MPV was treated by irradiation. DNA Comet Assay allowed distinguishing non-irradiated samples from irradiated ones, which showed different types of comets owing to DNA fragmentation. Both DEFT/APC method and DNA Comet Assay would be satisfactorily used as a screening method for indicating irradiation processing.

O comércio de vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) tem crescido substancialmente nos últimos anos devido a sua conveniência, frescor e aparente salubridade. No entanto, o processamento mínimo não reduz as populações de microrganismos patogênicos para níveis seguros. A irradiação de alimentos é utilizada para estender a vida de prateleira e inativar patógenos presentes nos alimentos. Seu uso combinado com o processamento mínimo poderia aumentar a segurança e qualidade dos VMP. Dois diferentes métodos de detecção de alimentos irradiados, um biológico, o DEFT/APC, e outro bioquímico, o teste do cometa, foram aplicados a VMP com o objetivo de testar sua aplicabilidade na detecção do tratamento por radiação. O DEFT/APC é um método de varredura microbiológico baseado no uso da técnica de epifluorescência direta em filtro (DEFT) e da contagem padrão em placas (APC). O teste do cometa detecta o dano no DNA devido, por exemplo, a radiação ionizante. Amostras de acelga, agrião, alface, catalônia, couve, escarola, espinafre e repolho do comércio varejista foram irradiadas com 0,5kGy e 1,0kGy utilizando um irradiador de 60Co. O processamento por irradiação garantiu a redução de pelo menos dois ciclos logarítmicos nas populações de microrganismos aeróbios e psicrotróficos. Em geral, com o aumento das doses de radiação, as contagens DEFT se mantiveram similares independentemente do processamento por irradiação, enquanto as contagens APC diminuíram gradualmente. A diferença das duas contagens aumentou gradualmente com o incremento da dose em todas as amostras. Uma diferença entre o valor de DEFT e do APC maior a 2,0 log seria indicativa de que o VMP foi tratado por irradiação. O teste do cometa permitiu distinguir amostras não irradiadas das irradiadas, que mostraram diferentes tipos de cometas decorrentes da fragmentação do DNA. Tanto o método DEFT/APC quanto o teste do cometa foram satisfatoriamente utilizados como métodos de varredura para a detecção do tratamento por irradiação. / Marketing of minimally processed vegetables (MPV) are gaining impetus due to its convenience, freshness and apparent healthy. However, minimal processing does not reduce pathogenic microorganisms to safe levels. Food irradiation is used to extend the shelf life and inactivation of food-borne pathogens. Its combination with minimal processing could improve the safety and quality of MPV. Two different food irradiation detection methods, a biological, the DEFT/APC, and another biochemical, the DNA Comet Assay were applied to MPV in order to test its applicability to detect irradiation treatment. DEFT/APC is a microbiological screening method based on the use of the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) and the aerobic plate count (APC). DNA Comet Assay detects DNA damage due to ionizing radiation. Samples of lettuce, chard, watercress, dandelion, kale, chicory, spinach, cabbage from retail market were irradiated 0.5kGy and 1.0kGy using a 60Co facility. Irradiation treatment guaranteed at least 2 log cycle reduction for aerobic and psychrotroph microorganisms. In general, with increasing radiation doses, DEFT counts remained similar independent of irradiation processing while APC counts decreased gradually. The difference of the two counts gradually increased with dose increment in all samples. It could be suggested that a DEFT/APC difference over 2.0 log would be a criteria to judge if a MPV was treated by irradiation. DNA Comet Assay allowed distinguishing non-irradiated samples from irradiated ones, which showed different types of comets owing to DNA fragmentation. Both DEFT/APC method and DNA Comet Assay would be satisfactorily used as a screening method for indicating irradiation processing.

Membranes with a pore size rating of 0.2μm are recommended for the sterilisation of liquids by filtration and are validated for this purpose by a retention test with Pseudomonas diminuta. Practices for retention testing were found to vary among the membrane manufacturers and only one type of commercial 0.2μm rated membrane was found to reliably retain P. diminuta. The retention for P. diminuta given by experimental grafted membranes was studied and was sometimes higher than that given by non-grafted membranes due to obstruction of the pores by graft material. The dimensions for individual cells of P. diminuta was studied by scanning electron microscopy and a rapid electronic method. Bacteria of larger dimensions than the pore size rating of experimental membranes were found in test permeates. It was shown that cells from an aerated P. diminuta culture were larger than cells from a similar but stationary culture. A retention test procedure for 0.2 μm rated membranes using cross-flow filtration was developed. The procedure simulated process conditions and enabled tubular ceramic monolithic membranes and flat-sheet membranes to be retention tested with P. diminuta. It is feasible that a standard retention test using cross-flow filtration can be developed. The time needed for results from current retention test procedures to become available is a consequence of using traditional cultural techniques for permeate analysis. Test procedure were developed using three popular methods for the rapid detection and enumeration of bacteria (ATP luminescence, impedance microbiology and the DEFT) for the detection and enumeration of P. diminuta in retention test permeates. The method using ATP luminescence was found to be the most applicable. The development of a bioluminescent strain of P. diminuta through genetic engineering will enable the rapid, sensitive and straightforward retention testing of 0.2 μm rated membranes. Retention tests using a bioluminescent strain of Escherichia coli containing the structural genes for bacterial luciferase indicated that the proposed test is feasible. Developments were made towards cloning the same genes into P. diminuta. The use of all bioluminescent micro-organisms for membrane retention testing is the subject of a patent application and a proposal for a three year SERC research grant.

Software systems usually consist of multiple artefacts, such as requirements, class diagrams, or source code. Documents, such as specifications and documentation, can also be viewed as artefacts. In practice, however, writing and updating documents is often neglected because it is expensive and brings no immediate benefit. Consequently, documents are often outdated and communicate wrong information about the software. The price is paid later when a software system must be maintained and much implicit knowledge that existed at the time of the original development has been lost. A simple way to keep documents up to date is generation. However, not all documents can be fully generated. Usually, at least some content must be written by a human author. This handwritten content is lost if the documents must be regenerated. In this thesis, Elucidative Development is introduced. It is an approach to create documents by partial generation. Partial generation means that some parts of the document are generated whereas others are handwritten. Elucidative Development retains manually written content when the document is regenerated. An integral part of Elucidative Development is a guidance system, which informs the author about changes in the generated content and helps him update the handwritten content.:1 Introduction 1.1 Contributions 1.2 Scope of the Thesis 1.3 Organisation 2 Problem Analysis and Solution Outline 2.1 Redundancy and Inconsistency 2.2 Improving Consistency with Partial Generation 2.3 Conclusion 3 Background 3.1 Grammar-Based Modularisation 3.2 Model-Driven Software Development 3.3 Round-Trip Engineering 3.4 Conclusion 4 Elucidative Development 4.1 General Idea and Running Example 4.2 Requirements of Elucidative Development 4.3 Structure and Basic Concepts of Elucidative Documents 4.4 Presentation Layer 4.5 Guidance 4.6 Conclusion 5 Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.1 General Idea and Running Example 5.2 Requirements of Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.3 Structure and Basic Concepts of Elucidative Documents in Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.4 Guidance 5.5 Conclusion 6 Extensions of Elucidative Development 6.1 Validating XML-based Elucidative Documents 6.2 Backpropagation-Based Round-Trip Engineering for Computed Text Document Fragments 6.3 Conclusion 7 Tool Support for an Elucidative Development Environment 7.1 Managing Active References 7.2 Inserting Computed Document Fragments 7.3 Caching the Computed Document Fragments 7.4 Elucidative Document Validation with Schemas 7.5 Conclusion 8 Related Work 8.1 Related Documentation Approaches 8.2 Consistency Approaches 8.3 Compound Documents 8.4 Conclusion 9 Evaluation 9.1 Creating and Maintaining the Cool Component Specification 9.2 Creating and Maintaining the UML Specification 9.3 Feasibility Studies 9.4 Conclusion 10 Conclusion / Softwaresysteme setzen sich üblicherweise aus vielen verschiedenen Artefakten zusammen, zum Beispiel Anforderungen, Klassendiagrammen oder Quellcode. Dokumente, wie zum Beispiel Spezifikationen oder Dokumentation, können auch als Artefakte betrachtet werden. In der Praxis wird aber das Schreiben und Aktualisieren von Dokumenten oft vernachlässigt, weil es zum einen teuer ist und zum anderen keinen unmittelbaren Vorteil bringt. Dokumente sind darum häufig veraltet und vermitteln falsche Informationen über die Software. Den Preis muss man später zahlen, wenn die Software gepflegt wird, weil viel von dem impliziten Wissen, das zur Zeit der Entwicklung existierte, verloren ist. Eine einfache Möglichkeit, Dokumente aktuell zu halten, ist Generierung. Allerdings können nicht alle Dokumente generiert werden. Meist muss wenigstens ein Teil von einem Menschen geschrieben werden. Dieser handgeschriebene Inhalt geht verloren, wenn das Dokument neu generiert werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird das Elucidative Development vorgestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Ansatz zur Dokumenterzeugung mittels partieller Generierung. Das bedeutet, dass Teile eines Dokuments generiert werden und der Rest von Hand ergänzt wird. Beim Elucidative Development bleibt der handgeschriebene Inhalt bestehen, wenn das restliche Dokument neu generiert wird. Ein integraler Bestandteil von Elucidative Development ist darüber hinaus ein Hilfesystem, das den Autor über Änderungen an generiertem Inhalt informiert und ihm hilft, den handgeschriebenen Inhalt zu aktualisieren.:1 Introduction 1.1 Contributions 1.2 Scope of the Thesis 1.3 Organisation 2 Problem Analysis and Solution Outline 2.1 Redundancy and Inconsistency 2.2 Improving Consistency with Partial Generation 2.3 Conclusion 3 Background 3.1 Grammar-Based Modularisation 3.2 Model-Driven Software Development 3.3 Round-Trip Engineering 3.4 Conclusion 4 Elucidative Development 4.1 General Idea and Running Example 4.2 Requirements of Elucidative Development 4.3 Structure and Basic Concepts of Elucidative Documents 4.4 Presentation Layer 4.5 Guidance 4.6 Conclusion 5 Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.1 General Idea and Running Example 5.2 Requirements of Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.3 Structure and Basic Concepts of Elucidative Documents in Model-Driven Elucidative Development 5.4 Guidance 5.5 Conclusion 6 Extensions of Elucidative Development 6.1 Validating XML-based Elucidative Documents 6.2 Backpropagation-Based Round-Trip Engineering for Computed Text Document Fragments 6.3 Conclusion 7 Tool Support for an Elucidative Development Environment 7.1 Managing Active References 7.2 Inserting Computed Document Fragments 7.3 Caching the Computed Document Fragments 7.4 Elucidative Document Validation with Schemas 7.5 Conclusion 8 Related Work 8.1 Related Documentation Approaches 8.2 Consistency Approaches 8.3 Compound Documents 8.4 Conclusion 9 Evaluation 9.1 Creating and Maintaining the Cool Component Specification 9.2 Creating and Maintaining the UML Specification 9.3 Feasibility Studies 9.4 Conclusion 10 Conclusion