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In this work, three different classes of colour converting layers (CCLs) for the down-conversion of blue and green Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLEDs) have been developed. In Chapter 3, the dispersion of organic dyes into polymer matrices via solution processing and solid state methods is presented. Application of hybrid organic-inorganic fluorescent particles, composed of organic fluorescent molecules absorbed into porous supporting materials, is discussed in Chapter 4. This solution allows for the dispersion of the organic molecule into an otherwise non-miscible polysiloxane matrix and resulted in the discovery of unusual optical properties of one of the organic dye (fluorescein disodium salt). This peculiar emission has been studied in more detail during Chapter 5. In addition, the possible use of fluorescent nanodiamonds, produced by gamma radiation, as luminescent materials, has been investigated in Chapter 6.

Since gradually replacing red ochre as a dye in ancient Egypt, henna has been cultivated throughout the Middle East and North Africa Traditional uses dealing with body art and medicine were associated with traits commonly connected with the color red, the dichotomies of life and death, good and evil. Today, these traits have all but disappeared while henna's use as a cosmetic dye, an embellishment, has remained prevalent in some regions. There can be no doubt that many uses and symbolisms attached to uses have gone unrecorded, been forgotten, and are irretrievable. The purpose of this research was to preserve that knowledge which still exists concerning previous uses and current practices in the Middle East and North Africa. Data gathered from publications indicates that the once traditional belief that the ability to purify and protect from evil was emanate in henna was acknowledged as recently as twenty years ago. Personal interviews conducted with fifty informants revealed that, with the exception of the Zar Cult in Egypt, present day users of henna make no association between henna and purification or protection from evil. During the Middle Ages, henna was a common ingredient in medicines believed to be beneficial in the curing of various skin diseases and internal discomforts. Knowledge of medicinal uses today is confined to a few regions where external application is still practiced, but internal use is rare. Henna's association with the rite s of passage and other occasions was once common. Staining the hands and feet of participants in ceremonies with henna was a tradition . Today the Night of Henna, a ritual dyeing of the bride-to-be's hands and feet, is the only widely recognized traditional use of henna. Henna as a cosmetic dye for hair may be gaining in popularity in the Middle East and North Africa due to it s use in modern products. Women in Morocco, Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula continue to use henna as a cosmetic stain on feet, hands and nails. This continued use may be attributed to pride in tradition and modern methods of application.

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In this research we produce a multi-layer Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) and formulate electrolyte to reduce electric leakage. In general, DSSC compound from FTO/ dense layer/ porous layer with Dye / electrolyte / counter Pt electrode. In this study, we use commercial dye Ruthenium N719, and own Lab-synthesized Coumarin series as dye. Ordinary DSSC use singular size TiO2 and mono-layer as active layer, but we demonstrate a multi-layer and multi-scale TiO2 particle of DSSC for increasing IPCE (incident photon-to- electron conversion efficiency). Compare with standard mono-layer DSSC, multi-layer DSSC has successful gotten promotion about 15%. We use FTO (SnO2:F) as substrate, because after annealing it has low resistance, and it is better to anti-erosion from electrolyte compare with ITO. Ruthenium N719 absorb photon to generate exciton, that separate off into electron and hole. Electron deliver to the FTO substrate through TiO2. But electrons also can deliver to electrolyte result in electron leakage. In order to decrease electron leakage, one solution is to mixed electrolyte with some chemicals. For example, tert-butylpyridine (TBP), that can adhere to sphere of TiO2 reducing electron leakage and promote the IPCE. Because of liquid state of electrolyte is hard to seal DSSC. Our future work is making gel-state electrolyte and improving its efficiency.

Thesis (M.S. in Physics)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.

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