91 15. SUMMARY Concept and nature of fingerprinting The purpose of my thesis is to completely examine the issue of dactyloscopy and introduce this forensic method, both the theoretical and practical parts. It deals with the historical development of dactyloscopy, the legislation in the Czech Republic, finger- print impression, capture, constancy, detection and comparison. For greater clarity and orientation, the thesis is composed of several parts - each dealing with different aspects. It is also supplemented with pictures that help to imagine a particular thing. Chapter One contains an introduction which gives a general view of dactylosco- py as a forensic method. Chapter Two deals with the historical development and important personalities of dactyloscopy. It explores the origins of knowledge of fingerprint patterns in ancient times and also focuses on the pioneers of dactyloscopy. The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part One deals with Jan Evangelista Purkyně who first described and classi- fied the basic patterns of friction ridges on distal phalanges. Part Two mentions the world personalities of dactyloscopy (for example Francis Galton, Juan Vucetich, Henry Faulds). The development of dactyloscopy in the Czech Republic is included in Part Three. Chapter Three discusses the concept, the object,...

Concept and nature of dactyloscopy The aim of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the issue of dactyloscopy. Especially, to introduce readers about dactyloscopy and institutes related to this method. The thesis is systematically divided into several chapters. The thesis is complemented by visual and textual appendices for the better and easier understanding of the various institutes. The introduction contains basic information about dactyloscopy and the outline of what the thesis will contain. Chapter One deals with the subject, concept and importance of the dactyloscopy. Chapter Two is divided into two parts. The first subchapter concerns the historical development of forensic dactyloscopy in the world. First of all, there are described the beginnings of knowledge of fingerprints and then personalities and their influence on the development of the dactyloscopy. As an example of these significant personalities, William James Herschel, Henry Faulds or Juan Vucetich can be cited. The second subchapter is focused on the development of the dactyloscopy in the territory of the Czech countries. In particular, the place is given for Jan Evangelista Purkyně well known as a pioneer in the area of papilary ridges. Because it was him who as the first described and classified the papilary ridges....

This diploma thesis is focused on criminalistic dactyloscopy, one of many methods of personal identification by fingerprints used in criminalistic praxis. However, this activity involves interventions and restrictions of human rights of persons being dactyloscoped. The areas affected are mainly personal data protection, human dignity and freedom and personal security rights. Thus this procedure has to be legal, reasonable and legitimate. The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a complete description of historical development, possible uses and legal framework of criminalistic dactyloscopy. Closely connected to this topic are definitions of several conceptions. The basis of this work lies in an evaluation and comparison of the state of dactyloscopic identification prior to 1990. It also notes the changes occurring after this date and changes connected with the entry of the Czech Republic into the European Union. The aim of this work is to provide the reader or any person interested in this topic with basics of procedures of dactyloscopic analysis and a list of related books for additional information. Resulting from these aims of this work and from the study of professional literature, following hypotheses were established: There was insufficient legal protection of dactyloscoped subjects prior to 1990. After 1990, a gradual development of legal system created conditions of adequate human rights protection of dactyloscoped subjects. Both hypotheses were confirmed by professional literature and legal regulations, mainly Law No. 40/1974 (on the former police functioning), International Pact of Civil and Political Rights as stated in the Law No. 120/1976 Coll., Law No. 283/1991 Coll. (on the Police of Czech Republic) within the meaning of later regulations, Law No. 101/2000 (on personal data protection) and further legal norms. The concept of this diploma thesis is to provide a complete overview of criminalistic dactyloscopy and a basic sketch of the development of human rights protection of dactyloscoped subjects. Its readers can compare current situation with historical development. It should give them a wider understanding of this topic with the aim of orientating the readers in basic law regulations and providing them with a list of extra resources.

This thesis is focused on police techniques of identification of persons used in Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938. The goal of this thesis was to show, how the police identification of persons should look like, in other words which techniques were used by criminologists, how they described them, which accomplishments and negatives they saw in them, who had to be identified and for which purpose. To answer all these questions I deal with political and administrative context of Czechoslovakia, police structure in Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938 and development of criminology, "bertillonage" and documents of identification (especially passports) in the first part of the text, where I mainly use secondary literature. Then I focus on analysis of three main techniques of identification used between 1918 and 1938, namely dactyloscopy, graphology and photography. In this part of the thesis, I use criminology manuals, published in the twenties and thirties. Finally, I work with the fourth technique of identification of persons, namely the description of persons, where I mainly use forms, which are in the criminology manuals. Thus, heart of this work is based on normative documents from the twenties and thirties wrote by criminalists or graphologists. Keywords Police, criminology, identification,...

The globalisation process that drives the progression and trans-national nature of crime requires that the police should use sophisticated and/or state-of-the art technologies to help them to combat criminality. The use of technology by the police is thus viewed as one of the appropriate responses to deal with the threats posed by crime. In an attempt to ascertain the significance of technology in police work, this research examined the impact that the use of biometric technology such as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, has had on the quality of seiVices rendered by the South African Police Service. Following the police's task of identifying criminal fingerprints, the problem encountered in this research was that, ever since the introduction of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, no research had been conducted to assess the impact thereof on the level and quality of seiVices rendered by the South African Police SeiVice. This problem was further intensified by the fact that there was no framework to assess the impact that the utilisation of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System has had on police work in South Africa. Consequently, the problems that were identified in this research compromised not only the quality of seiVices rendered by the police, but also the safety and security within communities. The findings in this research showed that the utilisation of biometric technologies such as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System have helped the police to accurately identify and arrest criminal suspects. However, some of the conclusions reached suggested that the quantitative aspect of the utilisation of biometric systems and the elated portable apparatuses within the South African Police Service was emphasised more than the qualitative aspect thereof. The emphasis was evident in the statistics regarding the use of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which focused primarily on police productivity and to a lesser degree on accountability related issues. This study espoused a qualitative paradigm and the investigations in the research were focused on the East Rand policing precinct. The participants who informed this research were selected from the research population using random and purposive sampling techniques. In the same way, the data that informed this research was collected using semi-structured interviews and an in-depth review of the literature on policing and its utilisation of the different technologies. The research espoused social constructivism and phenomenology as the philosophical worldviews of choice to form constructivist phenomenology and to attain theoretical triangulation. Moreover, evaluation research and a case study were espoused as the research designs of choice, to attain methodological triangulation. The various triangulation techniques espoused in this research project were critical in attaining quality assurance in terms of the research methodology applied. In the same way, a myriad of qualitative techniques such as dependability, transferability, confimability and credibility were also employed in order to ensure that the integrity of the data that was collected in this study remained intact. Finally, the data that was collected to inform this research was analysed using the qualitative content analysis technique. Similarly, the measures taken to ensure that the safety of the research participants was delineated in this same research report. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Police Science)

The globalisation process that drives the progression and trans-national nature of crime requires that the police should use sophisticated and/or state-of-the art technologies to help them to combat criminality. The use of technology by the police is thus viewed as one of the appropriate responses to deal with the threats posed by crime. In an attempt to ascertain the significance of technology in police work, this research examined the impact that the use of biometric technology such as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, has had on the quality of seiVices rendered by the South African Police Service. Following the police's task of identifying criminal fingerprints, the problem encountered in this research was that, ever since the introduction of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, no research had been conducted to assess the impact thereof on the level and quality of seiVices rendered by the South African Police SeiVice. This problem was further intensified by the fact that there was no framework to assess the impact that the utilisation of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System has had on police work in South Africa. Consequently, the problems that were identified in this research compromised not only the quality of seiVices rendered by the police, but also the safety and security within communities. The findings in this research showed that the utilisation of biometric technologies such as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System have helped the police to accurately identify and arrest criminal suspects. However, some of the conclusions reached suggested that the quantitative aspect of the utilisation of biometric systems and the elated portable apparatuses within the South African Police Service was emphasised more than the qualitative aspect thereof. The emphasis was evident in the statistics regarding the use of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which focused primarily on police productivity and to a lesser degree on accountability related issues. This study espoused a qualitative paradigm and the investigations in the research were focused on the East Rand policing precinct. The participants who informed this research were selected from the research population using random and purposive sampling techniques. In the same way, the data that informed this research was collected using semi-structured interviews and an in-depth review of the literature on policing and its utilisation of the different technologies. The research espoused social constructivism and phenomenology as the philosophical worldviews of choice to form constructivist phenomenology and to attain theoretical triangulation. Moreover, evaluation research and a case study were espoused as the research designs of choice, to attain methodological triangulation. The various triangulation techniques espoused in this research project were critical in attaining quality assurance in terms of the research methodology applied. In the same way, a myriad of qualitative techniques such as dependability, transferability, confimability and credibility were also employed in order to ensure that the integrity of the data that was collected in this study remained intact. Finally, the data that was collected to inform this research was analysed using the qualitative content analysis technique. Similarly, the measures taken to ensure that the safety of the research participants was delineated in this same research report. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Police Science)

This master’s thesis deals with the issue of scanning human fingerprints, which is currently very topical and represents the most widespread biometric technology. The theoretical part of the work acquaints the reader with basics of dactyloscopy and biometrics and concerns technologies used for fingerprinting, image preprocessing methods and commercially available contactless optical scanners. The practical part is a realisation of a contactless optical scanner based on a Raspberry Pi minicomputer, implementation of preprocessing algorithms in Python and testing of the device from the perspective of image quality.

This document deals with presentation of nowadays software and hardware methods used for fingerprint recognition with focus on liveness testing and thereafter it deals with description of my solution. In order to describe results obtained from study of technical literature, we discuss important terminology of biometric systems at first and further main principles of fingerprint sensors used in practice are shown. From overviewed methods of liveness detection we underline one method based on  perspiration (researched by BioSAL laboratory) and one spectroscopic method researched by Lumidigm Corporation. The study of liveness testing methods inspired me to creation of new type fingerprint sensor which has built-in livennes testing method based on two characteristic properties of living human tisue. In order to test this sensor, we discuss nowadays sensor deception method. It follows from their analysis, that newly designed sensor should be theoretically resistant to each of them.