Most of the data referenced by sequential and parallel applications running in current chip multiprocessors are referenced by a single thread, i.e., private. Recent proposals leverage this observation to improve many aspects of chip multiprocessors, such as reducing coherence overhead or the access latency to distributed caches. The effectiveness of those proposals depends to a large extent on the amount of detected private data. However, the mechanisms proposed so far either do not consider either thread migration or the private use of data within different application phases, or do entail high overhead. As a result, a considerable amount of private data is not detected. In order to increase the detection of private data, this thesis proposes a TLB-based mechanism that is able to account for both thread migration and private application phases with low overhead. Classification status in the proposed TLB-based classification mechanisms is determined by the presence of the page translation stored in other core's TLBs. The classification schemes are analyzed in multilevel TLB hierarchies, for systems with both private and distributed shared last-level TLBs. This thesis introduces a page classification approach based on inspecting other core's TLBs upon every TLB miss. In particular, the proposed classification approach is based on exchange and count of tokens. Token counting on TLBs is a natural and efficient way for classifying memory pages. It does not require the use of complex and undesirable persistent requests or arbitration, since when two ormore TLBs race for accessing a page, tokens are appropriately distributed classifying the page as shared. However, TLB-based ability to classify private pages is strongly dependent on TLB size, as it relies on the presence of a page translation in the system TLBs. To overcome that, different TLB usage predictors (UP) have been proposed, which allow a page classification unaffected by TLB size. Specifically, this thesis introduces a predictor that obtains system-wide page usage information by either employing a shared last-level TLB structure (SUP) or cooperative TLBs working together (CUP). / La mayor parte de los datos referenciados por aplicaciones paralelas y secuenciales que se ejecutan enCMPs actuales son referenciadas por un único hilo, es decir, son privados. Recientemente, algunas propuestas aprovechan esta observación para mejorar muchos aspectos de los CMPs, como por ejemplo reducir el sobrecoste de la coherencia o la latencia de los accesos a cachés distribuidas. La efectividad de estas propuestas depende en gran medida de la cantidad de datos que son considerados privados. Sin embargo, los mecanismos propuestos hasta la fecha no consideran la migración de hilos de ejecución ni las fases de una aplicación. Por tanto, una cantidad considerable de datos privados no se detecta apropiadamente. Con el fin de aumentar la detección de datos privados, proponemos un mecanismo basado en las TLBs, capaz de reclasificar los datos a privado, y que detecta la migración de los hilos de ejecución sin añadir complejidad al sistema. Los mecanismos de clasificación en las TLBs se han analizado en estructuras de varios niveles, incluyendo TLBs privadas y con un último nivel de TLB compartido y distribuido. Esta tesis también presenta un mecanismo de clasificación de páginas basado en la inspección de las TLBs de otros núcleos tras cada fallo de TLB. De forma particular, el mecanismo propuesto se basa en el intercambio y el cuenteo de tokens (testigos). Contar tokens en las TLBs supone una forma natural y eficiente para la clasificación de páginas de memoria. Además, evita el uso de solicitudes persistentes o arbitraje alguno, ya que si dos o más TLBs compiten para acceder a una página, los tokens se distribuyen apropiadamente y la clasifican como compartida. Sin embargo, la habilidad de los mecanismos basados en TLB para clasificar páginas privadas depende del tamaño de las TLBs. La clasificación basada en las TLBs se basa en la presencia de una traducción en las TLBs del sistema. Para evitarlo, se han propuesto diversos predictores de uso en las TLBs (UP), los cuales permiten una clasificación independiente del tamaño de las TLBs. En concreto, esta tesis presenta un sistema mediante el que se obtiene información de uso de página a nivel de sistema con la ayuda de un nivel de TLB compartida (SUP) o mediante TLBs cooperando juntas (CUP). / La major part de les dades referenciades per aplicacions paral·leles i seqüencials que s'executen en CMPs actuals són referenciades per un sol fil, és a dir, són privades. Recentment, algunes propostes aprofiten aquesta observació per a millorar molts aspectes dels CMPs, com és reduir el sobrecost de la coherència o la latència d'accés a memòries cau distribuïdes. L'efectivitat d'aquestes propostes depen en gran mesura de la quantitat de dades detectades com a privades. No obstant això, els mecanismes proposats fins a la data no consideren la migració de fils d'execució ni les fases d'una aplicació. Per tant, una quantitat considerable de dades privades no es detecta apropiadament. A fi d'augmentar la detecció de dades privades, aquesta tesi proposa un mecanisme basat en les TLBs, capaç de reclassificar les dades com a privades, i que detecta la migració dels fils d'execució sense afegir complexitat al sistema. Els mecanismes de classificació en les TLBs s'han analitzat en estructures de diversos nivells, incloent-hi sistemes amb TLBs d'últimnivell compartides i distribuïdes. Aquesta tesi presenta un mecanisme de classificació de pàgines basat en inspeccionar les TLBs d'altres nuclis després de cada fallada de TLB. Concretament, el mecanisme proposat es basa en l'intercanvi i el compte de tokens. Comptar tokens en les TLBs suposa una forma natural i eficient per a la classificació de pàgines de memòria. A més, evita l'ús de sol·licituds persistents o arbitratge, ja que si dues o més TLBs competeixen per a accedir a una pàgina, els tokens es distribueixen apropiadament i la classifiquen com a compartida. No obstant això, l'habilitat dels mecanismes basats en TLB per a classificar pàgines privades depenen de la grandària de les TLBs. La classificació basada en les TLBs resta en la presència d'una traducció en les TLBs del sistema. Per a evitar-ho, s'han proposat diversos predictors d'ús en les TLBs (UP), els quals permeten una classificació independent de la grandària de les TLBs. Específicament, aquesta tesi introdueix un predictor que obté informació d'ús de la pàgina a escala de sistema mitjançant un nivell de TLB compartida (SUP) or mitjançant TLBs cooperant juntes (CUP). / Esteve García, A. (2017). Design of Efficient TLB-based Data Classification Mechanisms in Chip Multiprocessors [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86136 / TESIS

This thesis contains basic theoretical information about SVM-based image segmentation and data classification. Basic information about 3D Slicer software are presented. Aspects of medical images segmentation are described. Workplan and implemetation of SVM method for MRI segmentation in 3D Slicer sofware as extension module is created. SVM method is compared with simple segmentation algorithms included in 3D Slicer. Quality of segmentation, based on SVM, tested on real subjects is experimentaly demonstrated.

No description available.

No / In support of the increasing number of elderly population, wearable sensors and portable mobile devices capable of monitoring, recording, reporting and alerting are envisaged to enable them an independent lifestyle without relying on intrusive care programmes. However, the big data readings generated from the sensors are characterized as multidimensional, dynamic and non-linear with weak correlation with observable human behaviors and health conditions which challenges the information transmission, storing and processing. This paper proposes to use Locality Sensitive Bloom Filter to increase the Instance Based Learning efficiency for the front end sensor data pre-processing so that only relevant and meaningful information will be sent out for further processing aiming to relieve the burden of the above big data challenges. The approach is proven to optimize and enhance a popular instance-based learning method benefits from its faster speed, less space requirements and is adequate for the application.

Aprendizado múltipla instância (MIL) é um paradigma de aprendizado de máquina que tem o objetivo de classificar um conjunto (bags) de objetos (instâncias), atribuindo rótulos só para os bags. Em MIL apenas os rótulos dos bags estão disponíveis para treinamento, enquanto os rótulos das instâncias são desconhecidos. Este problema é frequentemente abordado através da seleção de uma instância para representar cada bag, transformando um problema MIL em um problema de aprendizado supervisionado padrão. No entanto, não se conhecem abordagens que apoiem o usuário na realização desse processo. Neste trabalho, propomos uma visualização baseada em árvore multi-escala chamada MILTree que ajuda os usuários na realização de tarefas relacionadas com MIL, e também dois novos métodos de seleção de instâncias, chamados MILTree-SI e MILTree-Med, para melhorar os modelos MIL. MILTree é um layout de árvore de dois níveis, sendo que o primeiro projeta os bags, e o segundo nível projeta as instâncias pertencentes a cada bag, permitindo que o usuário explore e analise os dados multi-instância de uma forma intuitiva. Já os métodos de seleção de instãncias objetivam definir uma instância protótipo para cada bag, etapa crucial para a obtenção de uma alta precisão na classificação de dados multi-instância. Ambos os métodos utilizam o layout MILTree para atualizar visualmente as instâncias protótipo, e são capazes de lidar com conjuntos de dados binários e multi-classe. Para realizar a classificação dos bags, usamos um classificador SVM (Support Vector Machine). Além disso, com o apoio do layout MILTree também pode-se atualizar os modelos de classificação, alterando o conjunto de treinamento, a fim de obter uma melhor classificação. Os resultados experimentais validam a eficácia da nossa abordagem, mostrando que a mineração visual através da MILTree pode ajudar os usuários em cenários de classificação multi-instância. / Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a paradigm of machine learning that aims at classifying a set (bags) of objects (instances), assigning labels only to the bags. In MIL, only the labels of bags are available for training while the labels of instances in bags are unknown. This problem is often addressed by selecting an instance to represent each bag, transforming a MIL problem into a standard supervised learning. However, there is no user support to assess this process. In this work, we propose a multi-scale tree-based visualization called MILTree that supports users in tasks related to MIL, and also two new instance selection methods called MILTree-SI and MILTree-Med to improve MIL models. MILTree is a two-level tree layout, where the first level projects bags, and the second level projects the instances belonging to each bag, allowing the user to understand the data multi-instance in an intuitive way. The developed selection methods define instance prototypes of each bag, which is important to achieve high accuracy in multi-instance classification. Both methods use the MILTree layout to visually update instance prototypes and can handle binary and multiple-class datasets. In order to classify the bags we use a SVM classifier. Moreover, with support of MILTree layout one can also update the classification model by changing the training set in order to obtain a better classifier. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our approach, showing that visual mining by MILTree can help the users in MIL classification scenarios.

The properties of training data set such as size, distribution and the number of attributes significantly contribute to the generalization error of a learning machine. A not well-distributed data set is prone to lead to a partial overfitting model. Two approaches proposed in this dissertation for the binary classification enhance useful data information by mining negative data. First, an error driven compensating hypothesis approach is based on Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with (1+k)-iteration learning, where the base learning hypothesis is iteratively compensated k times. This approach produces a new hypothesis on the new data set in which each label is a transformation of the label from the negative data set, further producing the positive and negative child data subsets in subsequent iterations. This procedure refines the base hypothesis by the k child hypotheses created in k iterations. A prediction method is also proposed to trace the relationship between negative subsets and testing data set by a vector similarity technique. Second, a statistical negative example learning approach based on theoretical analysis improves the performance of the base learning algorithm learner by creating one or two additional hypotheses audit and booster to mine the negative examples output from the learner. The learner employs a regular Support Vector Machine to classify main examples and recognize which examples are negative. The audit works on the negative training data created by learner to predict whether an instance is negative. However, the boosting learning booster is applied when audit does not have enough accuracy to judge learner correctly. Booster works on training data subsets with which learner and audit do not agree. The classifier for testing is the combination of learner, audit and booster. The classifier for testing a specific instance returns the learner's result if audit acknowledges learner's result or learner agrees with audit's judgment, otherwise returns the booster's result. The error of the classifier is decreased to O(e^2) comparing to the error O(e) of a base learning algorithm.

Aprendizado múltipla instância (MIL) é um paradigma de aprendizado de máquina que tem o objetivo de classificar um conjunto (bags) de objetos (instâncias), atribuindo rótulos só para os bags. Em MIL apenas os rótulos dos bags estão disponíveis para treinamento, enquanto os rótulos das instâncias são desconhecidos. Este problema é frequentemente abordado através da seleção de uma instância para representar cada bag, transformando um problema MIL em um problema de aprendizado supervisionado padrão. No entanto, não se conhecem abordagens que apoiem o usuário na realização desse processo. Neste trabalho, propomos uma visualização baseada em árvore multi-escala chamada MILTree que ajuda os usuários na realização de tarefas relacionadas com MIL, e também dois novos métodos de seleção de instâncias, chamados MILTree-SI e MILTree-Med, para melhorar os modelos MIL. MILTree é um layout de árvore de dois níveis, sendo que o primeiro projeta os bags, e o segundo nível projeta as instâncias pertencentes a cada bag, permitindo que o usuário explore e analise os dados multi-instância de uma forma intuitiva. Já os métodos de seleção de instãncias objetivam definir uma instância protótipo para cada bag, etapa crucial para a obtenção de uma alta precisão na classificação de dados multi-instância. Ambos os métodos utilizam o layout MILTree para atualizar visualmente as instâncias protótipo, e são capazes de lidar com conjuntos de dados binários e multi-classe. Para realizar a classificação dos bags, usamos um classificador SVM (Support Vector Machine). Além disso, com o apoio do layout MILTree também pode-se atualizar os modelos de classificação, alterando o conjunto de treinamento, a fim de obter uma melhor classificação. Os resultados experimentais validam a eficácia da nossa abordagem, mostrando que a mineração visual através da MILTree pode ajudar os usuários em cenários de classificação multi-instância. / Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a paradigm of machine learning that aims at classifying a set (bags) of objects (instances), assigning labels only to the bags. In MIL, only the labels of bags are available for training while the labels of instances in bags are unknown. This problem is often addressed by selecting an instance to represent each bag, transforming a MIL problem into a standard supervised learning. However, there is no user support to assess this process. In this work, we propose a multi-scale tree-based visualization called MILTree that supports users in tasks related to MIL, and also two new instance selection methods called MILTree-SI and MILTree-Med to improve MIL models. MILTree is a two-level tree layout, where the first level projects bags, and the second level projects the instances belonging to each bag, allowing the user to understand the data multi-instance in an intuitive way. The developed selection methods define instance prototypes of each bag, which is important to achieve high accuracy in multi-instance classification. Both methods use the MILTree layout to visually update instance prototypes and can handle binary and multiple-class datasets. In order to classify the bags we use a SVM classifier. Moreover, with support of MILTree layout one can also update the classification model by changing the training set in order to obtain a better classifier. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our approach, showing that visual mining by MILTree can help the users in MIL classification scenarios.

Title: Deep neural networks and their application for economic data processing Author: Bc. Tomáš Witzany Department: Department of Theoretical Computer Science and Mathematical Logic Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Iveta Mrázová, CSc., Department of Theoretical Com- puter Science and Mathematical Logic Abstract: Analysis of macroeconomic time-series is key for the informed decisions of national policy makers. Economic analysis has a rich history, however when considering modeling non-linear dependencies there are many unresolved issues in this field. One of the possible tools for time-series analysis are machine learn- ing methods. Of these methods, neural networks are one of the commonly used methods to model non-linear dependencies. This work studies different types of deep neural networks and their applicability for different analysis tasks, including GDP prediction and country classification. The studied models include multi- layered neural networks, LSTM networks, convolutional networks and Kohonen maps. Historical data of the macroeconomic development across over 190 differ- ent countries over the past fifty years is presented and analysed. This data is then used to train various models using the mentioned machine learning methods. To run the experiments we used the services of the computer center MetaCentrum....

Automatical electrochemical measurements are sources of large data sets intended for further analysis. This work deals with classification, evaluation and processing of electrochemical signals using artificial neural networks. Due to high dimensionality of input data, an autoassociative neural network (AANN) is used in this work. This type of network performs dimensionality reduction via filtering the input data into relatively small number of principal parameters at the bottleneck output. These extracted parameters can be used for classification, evaluation and additional modelling of analyzed data trough the reconstructive part of this network. Furthermore, this work deals with implementation of a feedforward neural network in OpenCL language.

In the information age we currently live in, data has become the most valuable resource in the world. These data resources are high value targets for cyber criminals and digital warfare. To mitigate these threats, information security, laws and legislation is required. It can be challenging for organisations to have control over their data, to comply with laws and legislation that require data classification. Data classification is often required to determine appropriate security measured for storing sensitive data. The goal of this thesis is to create a system that makes it easy for organisations to handle file classifications, and raise information security awareness among users. In this thesis, the Classification Storage system is designed, implemented and evaluated. The Classification Storage system is a Client--Server solution that together create a virtual filesystem.  The virtual filesystem is presented as one network drive, while data is stored separately, based on the classifications that are set by users. Evaluating the Classification Storage system is realised through a usability study. The study shows that users find the Classification Storage system to be intuitive, easy to use and users become more information security aware by using the system. / I dagens informationsålder har data blivit den mest värdefulla tillgången i världen. Datatillgångar har blivit högt prioriterade mål för cyberkriminella och digital krigsföring. För att minska dessa hot, finns det ett behov av informationssäkerhet, lagar och lagstiftning. Det kan vara utmanande för organisationer att ha kontroll över sitt data för att följa lagar som kräver data klassificering för att lagra känsligt data. Målet med avhandlingen är att skapa ett system som gör det lättare för organisationer att hantera filklassificering och som ökar informationssäkerhets medvetande bland användare. Classification Storage systemet har designats, implementerats och evaluerats i avhandlingen. Classification Storage systemet är en Klient--Server lösning som tillsammans skapar ett virtuellt filsystem. Det virtuella filsystemet är presenterad som en nätverksenhet, där data lagras separat, beroende på den klassificeringen användare sätter. Classification Storage systemet är evaluerat genom en användbarhetsstudie. Studien visar att användare tycker att Classification Storage systemet är intuitivt, lätt att använda och användare blir mer informationssäkerhets medveten genom att använda systemet.