Nesse trabalho, foi feito o tratamento e a análise de cubos de dados de 8 núcleos ativos de galáxias próximos, no óptico e no infravermelho. O tratamento e a análise de todos os cubos de dados foram feitos utilizando-se uma série de metodologias específicas, muitas das quais foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos pelo grupo de trabalho do autor. A análise de todos os cubos de dados foi feita com quatro objetivos principais: análise da fenomenologia geral nos arredores do AGN com a Tomografia PCA; análise das populações estelares, da emissão térmica de poeira e do featureless continuum nos arredores do AGN com uma síntese espectral feita com o software Starlight; análise da cinemática estelar e do gás ao redor do buraco negro central e, em alguns casos, simulação com o objetivo de se determinar a massa do buraco negro; análise dos mecanismos de excitação e ionização do gás ou da emissão de hidrogênio molecular. / In this work, we have treated and analyzed data cubes of 8 nearby active galactic nuclei, in the optical and in the infrared. All data cube treatment and analysis were performed using a series of specific methodologies, many of which were developed in the last few years by the author\'s working group. The analysis of all data cubes was performed with four main objectives: analysis of the general phenomenology of the AGN environment, using PCA Tomography; analysis of the stellar populations, of the thermal emission from dust and of the featureless continuum in the vicinity of the AGN, with a spectral synthesis performed with the Starlight software; analysis of the stellar and gas kinematics around the central black hole and, in some cases, simulations with the purpose of determining the mass of the black hole; analysis of the excitation and ionization mechanisms of the gas or of the emission from molecular hydrogen.

L'explosion du volume de données disponibles due au développement des technologies de l'information et de la communication a démocratisé les flots qui peuvent être définis comme des séquences non bornées de données très précises et circulant à grande vitesse. Les stocker intégralement est par définition impossible. Il est alors essentiel de proposer des techniques de résumé permettant une analyse a posteriori de cet historique. En outre, un grand nombre de flots de données présentent un caractère multidimensionnel et multiniveaux que très peu d'approches existantes exploitent. Ainsi, l'objectif de ces travaux est de proposer des méthodes de résumé exploitant ces spécificités multidimensionnelles et applicables dans un contexte dynamique. Nous nous intéressons à l'adaptation des techniques OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing ) et plus particulièrement, à l'exploitation des hiérarchies de données pour réaliser cette tâche. Pour aborder cette problématique, nous avons mis en place trois angles d'attaque. Tout d'abord, après avoir discuté et mis en évidence le manque de solutions satisfaisantes, nous proposons deux approches permettant de construire un cube de données alimenté par un flot. Le deuxième angle d'attaque concerne le couplage des approches d'extractions de motifs fréquents (itemsets et séquences) et l'utilisation des hiérarchies pour produire un résumé conservant les tendances d'un flot. Enfin, les catégories de hiérarchies existantes ne permettent pas d'exploiter les connaissances expertes dans le processus de généralisation. Nous pallions ce manque en définissant une nouvelle catégorie de hiérarchies, dites contextuelles, et en proposant une modélisation conceptuelle, graphique et logique d'un entrepôt de données intégrant ces hiérarchies contextuelles. Cette thèse s'inscrivant dans un projet ANR (MIDAS), une plateforme de démonstration intégrant les principales approches de résumé a été mise au point. En outre, la présence de partenaires industriels tels que Orange Labs ou EDF RD dans le projet a permis de confronter nos approches à des jeux de données réelles. / Due to the rapid increase of information and communication technologies, the amount of generated and available data exploded and a new kind of data, the stream data, appeared. One possible and common definition of data stream is an unbounded sequence of very precise data incoming at an high rate. Thus, it is impossible to store such a stream to perform a posteriori analysis. Moreover, more and more data streams concern multidimensional and multilevel data and very few approaches tackle these specificities. Thus, in this work, we proposed some practical and efficient solutions to deal with such particular data in a dynamic context. More specifically, we were interested in adapting OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing ) and hierarchy techniques to build relevant summaries of the data. First, after describing and discussing existent similar approaches, we have proposed two solutions to build more efficiently data cube on stream data. Second, we were interested in combining frequent patterns and the use of hierarchies to build a summary based on the main trends of the stream. Third, even if it exists a lot of types of hierarchies in the literature, none of them integrates the expert knowledge during the generalization phase. However, such an integration could be very relevant to build semantically richer summaries. We tackled this issue and have proposed a new type of hierarchies, namely the contextual hierarchies. We provide with this new type of hierarchies a new conceptual, graphical and logical data warehouse model, namely the contextual data warehouse. Finally, since this work was founded by the ANR through the MIDAS project and thus, we had evaluated our approaches on real datasets provided by the industrial partners of this project (e.g., Orange Labs or EDF R&D).

Since 1989, there rose many branches. One of them the company grounds with their work scope as ICT services, ICT trainings and system development. The households had started to use in huge the PCs and round 1992 joined WEB. The companies did start to ask for applications which would have been able to be in connection with the other branch offices and had been looking for such solutions that would have brought the new added value. There had been rising new bank systems, telecommunication, insurance, energy, industrial systems and the like. Today, we are dating 2011 and it is more than 20 year; and the systems are still in use. Therefore it is unavoidable to store all the data to be used further and based on the data to create competitive environment. Every company has got its own department assuring data storage, data analysis and reporting the results to the top management. In past the data was used to process decision streamline, and thus remedy the key branches. Hence a new line of business came up focused on data processing, the new technology standards conception, new storage data types etc. The new fundamental term was formed -- Business Intelligence. The subject of the diploma paper is Business Intelligence Solution in enterprise scoped to the process design, development, data purity and project management in pharmacy. There are mentioned the base components of Business Intelligence Solution, technology and meritorious aspect of design. Integral part of this work is description of pharmacy problematic and project management.

Nesse trabalho, foi feito o tratamento e a análise de cubos de dados de 8 núcleos ativos de galáxias próximos, no óptico e no infravermelho. O tratamento e a análise de todos os cubos de dados foram feitos utilizando-se uma série de metodologias específicas, muitas das quais foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos pelo grupo de trabalho do autor. A análise de todos os cubos de dados foi feita com quatro objetivos principais: análise da fenomenologia geral nos arredores do AGN com a Tomografia PCA; análise das populações estelares, da emissão térmica de poeira e do featureless continuum nos arredores do AGN com uma síntese espectral feita com o software Starlight; análise da cinemática estelar e do gás ao redor do buraco negro central e, em alguns casos, simulação com o objetivo de se determinar a massa do buraco negro; análise dos mecanismos de excitação e ionização do gás ou da emissão de hidrogênio molecular. / In this work, we have treated and analyzed data cubes of 8 nearby active galactic nuclei, in the optical and in the infrared. All data cube treatment and analysis were performed using a series of specific methodologies, many of which were developed in the last few years by the author\'s working group. The analysis of all data cubes was performed with four main objectives: analysis of the general phenomenology of the AGN environment, using PCA Tomography; analysis of the stellar populations, of the thermal emission from dust and of the featureless continuum in the vicinity of the AGN, with a spectral synthesis performed with the Starlight software; analysis of the stellar and gas kinematics around the central black hole and, in some cases, simulations with the purpose of determining the mass of the black hole; analysis of the excitation and ionization mechanisms of the gas or of the emission from molecular hydrogen.

Les dépendances fonctionnelles fournissent une information sémantique sur les données d’une table en mettant en lumière les liens de corrélation qui les unient. Dans cette thèse, nous traitons du problème de l’extraction de ces dépendances en proposant un contexte unifié permettant la découverte de n’importe quel type de dépendances fonctionnelles (dépendances de clé, dépendances fonctionnelles conditionnelles, que la validité soit complète ou approximative). Notre algorithme, ParaCoDe, s’exécute en parallèle sur les candidats, réduisant ainsi le temps global de calcul. De ce fait, il est très compétitif vis-à-vis des approches séquentielles connues à ce jour. Les dépendances satisfaites sur une table nous servent à résoudre le problème de la matérialisation partielle du cube de données. Nous présentons une caractérisation de la solution optimale dans laquelle le coût de chaque requête est borné par un seuil de performance fixé préalablement et dont la taille est minimale. Cette spécification de la solution donne un cadre unique pour décrire et donc comparer formellement les techniques de résumé de cubes de données. / Functional dependancies provide a semantic information over data from a table to exhibit correlation links. In this thesis, we deal with the dependancy discovery problem by proposing a unified context to extract any type of functional dependencies (key dependencies, conditional functional dependencies, with an exact or an approximate validity). Our algorithm, ParaCoDe, runs in parallel on candidates there by reducing the global time of computations. Hence, it is very competitive comparated to sequential appoaches known today. Satisfied dependencies on a table are used to solve the problem of partial materiali-zation of data cube. We present a characterization of the optimal solution in which the cost of each query is bounded by a before hand fixed performance threshold and its size is minimal. This specification of the solution gives a unique framework to describe and formally compare summarization techniques of data cubes.

The Semantic Web, a Web of Data, is an extension of the World Wide Web (WWW), a Web of Documents. A large amount of such data is freely available as Linked Open Data (LOD) for many areas of knowledge, forming the LOD Cloud. While this data conforms to the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and can thus be processed by machines, users need to master a formal query language and learn a specific vocabulary. Semantic Question Answering (SQA) systems remove those access barriers by letting the user ask natural language questions that the systems translate into formal queries. Thus, the research area of SQA plays an important role for the acceptance and benefit of the Semantic Web. The original contributions of this thesis to SQA are: First, we survey the current state of the art of SQA. We complement existing surveys by systematically identifying SQA publications in the chosen timeframe. 72 publications describing 62 different systems are systematically and manually selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria out of 1960 candidates from the end of 2010 to July 2015. The survey identifies common challenges, structured solutions, and recommendations on research opportunities for future systems. From that point on, we focus on multidimensional numerical data, which is immensely valuable as it influences decisions in health care, policy and finance, among others. With the growth of the open data movement, more and more of it is becoming freely available. A large amount of such data is included in the LOD cloud using the RDF Data Cube (RDC) vocabulary. However, consuming multidimensional numerical data requires experts and specialized tools. Traditional SQA systems cannot process RDCs because their meta-structure is opaque to applications that expect facts to be encoded in single triples, This motivates our second contribution, the design and implementation of the first SQA algorithm on RDF Data Cubes. We kick-start this new research subfield by creating a user question corpus and a benchmark over multiple data sets. The evaluation of our system on the benchmark, which is included in the public Question Answering over Linked Data (QALD) challenge of 2016, shows the feasibility of the approach, but also highlights challenges, which we discuss in detail as a starting point for future work in the field. The benchmark is based on our final contribution, the addition of 955 financial government spending data sets to the LOD cloud by transforming data sets of the OpenSpending project to RDF Data Cubes. Open spending data has the power to reduce corruption by increasing accountability and strengthens democracy because voters can make better informed decisions. An informed and trusting public also strengthens the government itself because it is more likely to commit to large projects. OpenSpending.org is an open platform that provides public finance data from governments around the world. The transformation result, called LinkedSpending, consists of more than five million planned and carried out financial transactions in 955 data sets from all over the world as Linked Open Data and is freely available and openly licensed.:1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Research Questions and Contributions 1.3 Thesis Structure 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Semantic Web 2.1.1 URIs and URLs 2.1.2 Linked Data 2.1.3 Resource Description Framework 2.1.4 Ontologies 2.2 Question Answering 2.2.1 History 2.2.2 Definitions 2.2.3 Evaluation 2.2.4 SPARQL 2.2.5 Controlled Vocabulary 2.2.6 Faceted Search 2.2.7 Keyword Search 2.3 Data Cubes 3 Related Work 3.1 Semantic Question Answering 3.1.1 Surveys 3.1.2 Evaluation Campaigns 3.1.3 System Frameworks 3.2 Question Answering on RDF Data Cubes 3.3 RDF Data Cube Data Sets 4 Systematic Survey of Semantic Question Answering 4.1 Methodology 4.1.1 Inclusion Criteria 4.1.2 Exclusion Criteria 4.1.3 Result 4.2 Systems 4.2.1 Implementation 4.2.2 Examples 4.2.3 Answer Presentation 4.3 Challenges 4.3.1 Lexical Gap 4.3.2 Ambiguity 4.3.3 Multilingualism 4.3.4 Complex Queries 4.3.5 Distributed Knowledge 4.3.6 Procedural, Temporal and Spatial Questions 4.3.7 Templates 5 Question Answering on RDF Data Cubes 5.1 Question Corpus 5.2 Corpus Analysis 5.3 Data Cube Operations 5.4 Algorithm 5.4.1 Preprocessing 5.4.2 Matching 5.4.3 Combining Matches to Constraints 5.4.4 Execution 6 LinkedSpending 6.1 Choice of Source Data 6.1.1 Government Spending 6.1.2 OpenSpending 6.2 OpenSpending Source Data 6.3 Conversion of OpenSpending to RDF 6.4 Publishing 6.5 Overview over the Data Sets 6.6 Data Set Quality Analysis 6.6.1 Intrinsic Dimensions 6.6.2 Representational Dimensions 6.7 Evaluation 6.7.1 Experimental Setup and Benchmark 6.7.2 Discussion 7 Conclusion 7.1 Research Question Summary 7.2 SQA Survey 7.2.1 Lexical Gap 7.2.2 Ambiguity 7.2.3 Multilingualism 7.2.4 Complex Operators 7.2.5 Distributed Knowledge 7.2.6 Procedural, Temporal and Spatial Data 7.2.7 Templates 7.2.8 Future Research 7.3 CubeQA 7.4 LinkedSpending 7.4.1 Shortcomings 7.4.2 Future Work Bibliography Appendix A The CubeQA Question Corpus Appendix B The QALD-6 Task 3 Benchmark Questions B.1 Training Data B.2 Testing Data

Este trabalho consiste no estudo de cubos de dados das regiões centrais de quatro galáxias com mesmo tipo morfológico da Via Láctea: NGC 1566, NGC 6744, NGC 613 e NGC 134. As observações foram feitas no período de 2013 a 2015 com o Integral Field Unit do Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph do telescópio Gemini Sul. Foram utilizadas técnicas de análise de dados como Tomografia PCA, síntese espectral e Penalized Pixel Fitting. Além disso, para todos objetos, foram calculadas razões de linhas de emissão dos espectros das regiões centrais, imagens da emissão de [SII] 6716, 6731 das nuvens de alta e baixa densidades foram feitas e, em dois casos (NGC 1566 e NGC 613), analisaram-se imagens do Hubble Space Telescope para melhor entendimento do ambiente circumnuclear. Foram encontrados 6 espectros com emissão compatível com a de AGNs na amostra, sendo que, em duas galáxias, existe a possibilidade de AGNs duplos: NGC 6744 e NGC 613. No geral, todas as galáxias apresentaram populações estelares de idades variadas em suas regiões centrais, porém, predominantemente, com metalicidades altas (0.02 e 0.05). Todas as galáxias apresentaram cinemática estelar compatível com discos de rotação em torno do núcleo e, em duas galáxias (NGC 1566 e NGC 6744), foi observado um decréscimo da dispersão de velocidades estelar em direção ao núcleo, possivelmente devido à presença de estrelas jovens massivas. A emissão do featureless continuum do núcleo da galáxia de Seyfert NGC 1566 foi, pela primeira vez, isolada e estudada, sendo que foi encontrado um índice espectral igual 1.7. Uma amostra de quatro galáxias não é estatisticamente conclusiva e será necessário ampliar a amostra para um melhor entendimento global dos núcleos de galáxias de mesmo tipo morfológico da Via Láctea. / This work involved the analysis of data cubes of four nuclear regions of galaxies that have the same morphological type of the Milky Way: NGC 1566, NGC 6744, NGC 613 and NGC 134. The observations were taken in the period of 2013 to 2015 with the Integral Field Unit of Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope. The data were analyzed using techniques like PCA Tomography, spectral synthesis and the Penalized Pixel Fitting process. Besides that, for all the objects, emission-line ratios of the central regions were calculated, images of the emission-lines [SII]6716, 6731 of clouds of high and low densities were made and, in two cases (NGC 1566 and NGC 6744), their Hubble Space Telescope images were analyzed for better understanding of their circumnuclear regions. 6 spectra of the sample had emission compatible with that of AGNs, in two galaxies, there is a possibility of double AGN: NGC 613 and NGC 6744. In general, all the galaxies presented stellar populations with varying ages in their central regions, however mainly with high metallicities (0.02 and 0.05). All the galaxies presented stellar kinematics compatible with rotation disks around the central source and, in two galaxies (NGC 1566 and NGC 6744), there was a stellar dispersion velocity decrease toward the nuclei, possibly due to the presence of massive young stars. The featureless continuum emission of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566 was, for the rst time, isolated and studied. It was found that its spectral index is equal to 1.7. A sample of four galaxies is not conclusive and it is necessary to enlarge this sample to a better global understanding of the nuclei of galaxies with the same morphological type of the Milky Way.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo de cubos de dados das regiões centrais de quatro galáxias com mesmo tipo morfológico da Via Láctea: NGC 1566, NGC 6744, NGC 613 e NGC 134. As observações foram feitas no período de 2013 a 2015 com o Integral Field Unit do Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph do telescópio Gemini Sul. Foram utilizadas técnicas de análise de dados como Tomografia PCA, síntese espectral e Penalized Pixel Fitting. Além disso, para todos objetos, foram calculadas razões de linhas de emissão dos espectros das regiões centrais, imagens da emissão de [SII] 6716, 6731 das nuvens de alta e baixa densidades foram feitas e, em dois casos (NGC 1566 e NGC 613), analisaram-se imagens do Hubble Space Telescope para melhor entendimento do ambiente circumnuclear. Foram encontrados 6 espectros com emissão compatível com a de AGNs na amostra, sendo que, em duas galáxias, existe a possibilidade de AGNs duplos: NGC 6744 e NGC 613. No geral, todas as galáxias apresentaram populações estelares de idades variadas em suas regiões centrais, porém, predominantemente, com metalicidades altas (0.02 e 0.05). Todas as galáxias apresentaram cinemática estelar compatível com discos de rotação em torno do núcleo e, em duas galáxias (NGC 1566 e NGC 6744), foi observado um decréscimo da dispersão de velocidades estelar em direção ao núcleo, possivelmente devido à presença de estrelas jovens massivas. A emissão do featureless continuum do núcleo da galáxia de Seyfert NGC 1566 foi, pela primeira vez, isolada e estudada, sendo que foi encontrado um índice espectral igual 1.7. Uma amostra de quatro galáxias não é estatisticamente conclusiva e será necessário ampliar a amostra para um melhor entendimento global dos núcleos de galáxias de mesmo tipo morfológico da Via Láctea. / This work involved the analysis of data cubes of four nuclear regions of galaxies that have the same morphological type of the Milky Way: NGC 1566, NGC 6744, NGC 613 and NGC 134. The observations were taken in the period of 2013 to 2015 with the Integral Field Unit of Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope. The data were analyzed using techniques like PCA Tomography, spectral synthesis and the Penalized Pixel Fitting process. Besides that, for all the objects, emission-line ratios of the central regions were calculated, images of the emission-lines [SII]6716, 6731 of clouds of high and low densities were made and, in two cases (NGC 1566 and NGC 6744), their Hubble Space Telescope images were analyzed for better understanding of their circumnuclear regions. 6 spectra of the sample had emission compatible with that of AGNs, in two galaxies, there is a possibility of double AGN: NGC 613 and NGC 6744. In general, all the galaxies presented stellar populations with varying ages in their central regions, however mainly with high metallicities (0.02 and 0.05). All the galaxies presented stellar kinematics compatible with rotation disks around the central source and, in two galaxies (NGC 1566 and NGC 6744), there was a stellar dispersion velocity decrease toward the nuclei, possibly due to the presence of massive young stars. The featureless continuum emission of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566 was, for the rst time, isolated and studied. It was found that its spectral index is equal to 1.7. A sample of four galaxies is not conclusive and it is necessary to enlarge this sample to a better global understanding of the nuclei of galaxies with the same morphological type of the Milky Way.