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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Orienting Pacha: Value as Action in the Late Horizon Xauxa-Pachacamac Axis

Anderson, Ridge C. 18 April 2022 (has links)
The Andean Late Horizon (ca. AD 1438–1532) was a period of exceptionally rapid and far-reaching cultural change. Over this short span of only a few generations, the Inka ethnic group established an empire that was greater in size than any other pre-colonial American polity. The Inka accomplished their expansion without the use of certain institutions (i.e., a standing army, formal writing system, monetary system, or price-setting markets) that the received anthropological wisdom has long held as being necessary preconditions to imperial expansion. Standard explanations of Late Horizon culture change tend to overemphasize the roles of environmental constraints, social evolution, and economistic motives. In this thesis, I analyze Inka expansion beginning with the assumption that “value” was an assessment of socially-integrating creative action, rather than of objects to be exchanged and accumulated (cf. Graeber 2001). I determine that the Inkaic Late Horizon was motivated by pursuits of “vitality,” or the capacity to effect change in pacha—an Andean concept of the world as a mutable coalescence of time, space, and matter. Vitality was not captured through the production or accumulation of goods, but through intensifying their production and circulation. I conclude that Late Horizon political economy in the Xauxa-Pachacamac axis can best be understood as a socially-stratified “gift economy” in which what was ultimately transferred were not objects, but vitality.
2

La centralité politique du travail : étude croisée des pensées de Simone Weil et de David Graeber

Crépeau, Alexandre 08 1900 (has links)
Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la centralité politique du travail à travers une lecture croisée des pensées de la philosophe française Simone Weil (1909-1943) et de l’anthropologue états-unien David Graeber (1961-2020). Il se penche sur le potentiel qu’a le travail de nous former à l’activité politique en développant notre sensibilité au monde qui nous entoure, ainsi qu’à autrui. Nous interrogeons d’abord la forme actuelle que prend le travail. Nous creusons pour ce faire le phénomène de bullshitization de l’économie, décrite par Graeber comme la hausse de la part du temps au travail accordé à l’accomplissement de tâches superflues, de même qu’à l’augmentation générale des emplois inutiles, dits bullshit jobs. Phénomène lié à la bureaucratisation néolibérale croissante de tous les secteurs de la vie, les bullshit jobs impliquent aliénation, ennui et maux physiques liés au stress. Son occupant·e, par la conscience de l’inutilité sociale de son travail, se voit privé·e de participer à la collectivité de manière significative. Iel est, pour emprunter un langage weilien, déraciné·e. Via les travaux de Weil sur le travail d’usine, nous affirmons une certaine continuité entre les formes d’aliénation au travail décrites par Weil et Graeber. Il y a, dans le travail à la chaine des années 1930, dans les bullshit jobs et dans les emplois bullshitizés, une dissociation entre les gestes et la pensée. Dans son expérience en usine, Weil observe la perte de la capacité à exercer son esprit au travail comme un arrachement à la condition humaine. De cette dissociation découle donc une douleur psychologique et sociale considérable — dite « déracinement » —, ainsi que des formes d’hostilité politique. Nous nous penchons finalement sur le potentiel politique d’un travail digne. Pour Simone Weil, la centralité politique du travail découle de sa propension à cultiver la capacité d’attention. Plus qu’une simple capacité cognitive, l’attention est à la fois ce qui permet la liberté individuelle (être capable d’orienter par soi-même son attention) et ce qui favorise le rapport éthique aux autres. La pratique de l’attention au travail permet en ce sens de développer la réceptivité envers autrui, l’un des fondements de la qualité des rapports démocratiques. Pour David Graeber, le travail, sous certaines conditions, se révèle comme lieu de déploiement de l’imagination. Cette dernière permet la nouveauté politique, car elle tend à décloisonner l’imaginaire de cellui qui l’exerce. Chez Weil comme chez Graeber, le travail peut engendrer des relations sociales émancipatrices qui échappent aux rapports de pouvoir oppressifs. / This master’s thesis examines the political centrality of work through a comparative reading of the works of French philosopher Simone Weil (1909–1943), and American anthropologist David Graeber (1961–2020). It focuses on the potential of work as an activity prone to the development of a form of sensitivity to the world, and to other people. We first consider the present experience of work through Graeber’s concept of bullshitization. The bullshitization of the economy refers to the increase of time and energy at work dedicated to needless tasks, as well as to the increase of useless jobs, which Graeber calls “bullshit jobs”. Inseparable from the neoliberal bureaucratization of all branches of life, bullshit jobs lead to alienation, boredom and physical pains related to stress. Moreover, the bullshit worker is kept from having a significant impact on the community they inhabit; they are, in the words of Simone Weil, uprooted (déraciné·e). Through a reading of the Weil’s writings on factory work in 1930s′ France, we establish a continuity between the forms of suffering at work theorized by Graeber and Weil: at the factory, in bullshit jobs and in jobs that have been bullshitized, there is a disconnect between thought and action. During her experience as a factory worker, Weil describes the loss of thinking at work as a stripping of the human condition. From this separation derives not only psychological and social suffering (uprootedness [déracinement]), but also forms of political hostility. We finally explore the political potential of dignified work. Weil derives the political centrality of work from its propension to encourage the practice of attention. More than a cognitive ability, attention is a condition for individual freedom and fosters ethical relationships to others. Attention thus enables openness and receptiveness to others—one of the foundations of a healthy democratic life. For Graeber, work can nurture imagination, which in turn enables the imagining of new political practices. For Simone Weil and David Graeber, dignified work can bring on new and emancipatory social relations, free from oppressive power dynamics.

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