ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Bakhtinian¡¦s three approaches, chronotope, carnivalesque and heteroglossia in David Henry Hwang¡¦s M. Butterfly. Since it is released, most critics mainly emphasize on the relationship between Gallimard and Song Liling. Gay issue becomes an underlying theme when readers study this play. Therefore, my thesis, based on Mikhail Bakhtin¡¦s theory, will analyze the parodic functions produced by Hwang to oppose to the empirical ideology in Madame Butterfly. The introduction, Chapter one, begins with a short summary of M. Butterfly and an overview of the theoretical frame of Bakhtin¡¦s theory as well as an explanation of the connection between Bakhtinian approach and M. Butterfly. In Chapter two, I discuss how chronotope, time and space, affects Gallimard. Chronotope represents changing concepts that appear in different situations. From Gallimard¡¦s prison to Song Liling¡¦s apartment, each event is considered a crucial form-shaping ideology. Chapter three chiefly deals with Song Liling¡¦s transvestism and Bakhtin¡¦s carnivalesque. Song Liling, like a carnival clown, turns over the western authority by masquerading her/himself and brings forth the concept of equality of all races. Chapter four aims to manifest a multiple constructed society. Bakhtin¡¦s heteroglossia designates to destroy the unification and centralization that colonialists use to dominate the non-white. Heteroglossia helps reveal the centrifugal discourses saturated in the society to secure the oppressed voice in this play. In the concluding chapter, I reiterate the analysis of M. Butterfly and Bakhtin¡¦s three approaches as well as describe the consequence of western ideology.

O objetivo desta dissertação é questionar a legitimidade de convicções sexuais e de gênero profundamente arraigadas, através da análise de M. Butterfly de David Henry Hwang e Cat on a Hot Tin Roof de Tennessee Williams. Argüindo a respeito do determinismo biológico imposto e do sistema binário restritivo, eu tento testar o valor e o significado de antigos dualismos construídos, tais como mentira e verdade, masculino e feminino. Nesta tarefa, sou auxiliada pela existência de personagens enriquecedores como Brick Pollitt, Maggie, René Gallimard e Song Liling, cujas subjetividades são centrais para minha dissertação. Enquanto os dois primeiros são cruciais para a discussão sobre a mentira, os outros são fundamentais para exemplificar as possibilidades de sexualidades e expressões de gênero transgressoras / The purpose of this thesis is to question the legitimacy of deeply rooted sexual and gender beliefs through the analysis of both David Hwangs M. Butterfly and Tennessee Williamss Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Being inquisitive regarding the imposed biological determinism and the restrictive binary system, I try to test the value and the meaning of ancient constructed dualisms such as mendacity and truth, masculine and feminine. In this ask, I am supported by the existence of enriching characters like Brick Pollitt, Maggie, Rene Gallimard and Song Liling, whose subjectivities are the core of my thesis. While the two first are crucial for the discussion on mendacity, the others are fundamental to exemplify possibilities of transgressive sexualities and gender expressions.

O objetivo desta dissertação é questionar a legitimidade de convicções sexuais e de gênero profundamente arraigadas, através da análise de M. Butterfly de David Henry Hwang e Cat on a Hot Tin Roof de Tennessee Williams. Argüindo a respeito do determinismo biológico imposto e do sistema binário restritivo, eu tento testar o valor e o significado de antigos dualismos construídos, tais como mentira e verdade, masculino e feminino. Nesta tarefa, sou auxiliada pela existência de personagens enriquecedores como Brick Pollitt, Maggie, René Gallimard e Song Liling, cujas subjetividades são centrais para minha dissertação. Enquanto os dois primeiros são cruciais para a discussão sobre a mentira, os outros são fundamentais para exemplificar as possibilidades de sexualidades e expressões de gênero transgressoras / The purpose of this thesis is to question the legitimacy of deeply rooted sexual and gender beliefs through the analysis of both David Hwangs M. Butterfly and Tennessee Williamss Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Being inquisitive regarding the imposed biological determinism and the restrictive binary system, I try to test the value and the meaning of ancient constructed dualisms such as mendacity and truth, masculine and feminine. In this ask, I am supported by the existence of enriching characters like Brick Pollitt, Maggie, Rene Gallimard and Song Liling, whose subjectivities are the core of my thesis. While the two first are crucial for the discussion on mendacity, the others are fundamental to exemplify possibilities of transgressive sexualities and gender expressions.

本篇論文主要探討黃哲倫在《剛下船的新移民》、《如鴉而飛》、及《尋找唐人街》這三個劇作中，處理「文化認同」主題的轉變。這三個劇作分別代表黃哲倫創作生涯的三階段，即初期─華裔美國文化認同、中期─華裔美人漂泊離散的文化認同、以及晚近─華裔美國文化認同的多元文化未來。同時，將援引德希達的「主體觀」、傅柯的「對抗記憶」、霍爾的「文化認同」概念、哈伯馬斯的「包含他者」、以及學者對多元文化的討論等，並應用於文本之分析與探討。本論文共分為五個章節。第一章略述黃哲倫的三個劇作以及所採用的理論。第二章討論作者如何在《剛下船的新移民》中剖析華裔美國文化認同。第三章探討《如鴉而飛》中老一輩華裔美人漂泊離散的文化認同狀態。第四章側重於作者在《尋找唐人街》□所勾勒出的多元文化未來之希望與遠景。最後一章則回顧前述四章中的劇作及理論，並總結黃哲倫在三個作品中對於「認同」看法的轉變及其詮釋。 / In this study of David Henry Hwang's three plays FOB, As The Crow Flies, and Trying to Find Chinatown, I would like to explore the change of his attitude toward identity issue. These three plays represent the three stages of his writing career：first, the early stage of Chinese American identity; second, the maturing stage of the traveling cultural identity for Chinese American; third, the latest stage of a multicultural future for Chinese American identity. In my study, I apply several theories for the theoretic approach in this thesis, such as Jacque Derrida's "subject," Michael Foucault's "counter-memory," Stuart Hall's concept of identity, Jurgen Habermas's "inclusion of the Other," and Michael Omi's and Angela Davis's multicultural viewpoints toward ethnicity. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter aims at a general introduction to the three stages of the playwright's career and to the theories employed for textual analysis. The second chapter is the discussion on the work of his early stage-Chinese American identity in FOB. In the third chapter, I will analyze the traveling identity for early Chinese American in As The Crow Flies. In the fourth chapter, I will stress Hwang's latest production of a promising multicultural future for Chinese American identity in Trying to Find Chinatown. Finally in my concluding chapter, I would like to review the changes of Hwang's concepts in these three plays with regard to cultural identity and offer his own interpretation for new and hopeful Chinese American identity.

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Adaptation Studies suffers from a deficiency in the study of black, brown, yellow, and red adaptive texts, adaptive actors, and their practices. Adaptive Acts intervenes in this Eurocentric discourse as a study of adaptation with a (queer) POC perspective. My dissertation reveals that artists of color (re)create texts via dynamic modes of adaptation such as hyper-literary allusion, the use of meta-narratives as framing devices, and on-site collaborative re-writes that speak to/from specific cultural discourses that Eurocentric models alone cannot account for. I examine multi-ethnic American adaptations to delineate the role of adaptation in the continuance of stories that contest dominant culture from marginalized perspectives. And I offer deep adaptive readings of multi-ethnic adaptations in order to answer questions such as: what happens when adaptations are created to remember, to heal, and to disrupt? How does adaptation, as a centuries-old mode of cultural production, bring to the center the voices of the doubly marginalized, particularly queers of color? The texts I examine as “adaptive acts” are radical, queer, push the boundaries of adaptation, and have not, up to this point, been given the adaptive attention I believe they merit. David Henry Hwang’s 1988 Tony award-winning play, M. Butterfly, is an adaptive critique of the textual history of Butterfly and questions the assumptions of the Orientalism that underpins the story, which causes his play to intersect with Pierre Loti’s 1887 novella, Madame Chrysanthéme, at a point of imperial queerness. Rodney Evans, whose 2004 film, Brother to Brother, is the first full-length film to tell the story of the black queer roots at the genesis of the Harlem Renaissance, uses adaptation as a story(re)telling mode that focalizes the “gay rebel of the Harlem Renaissance,” Richard Bruce Nugent (1906-1987), to Signify on issues of canonization, gate-keeping, mythologizing, and intracultural marginalization. My discussion of Sherman Alexie’s debut film, The Business of Fancydancing, is informed by my own work as an adaptive actor and showcases the power of adaptation in the activation of Native continuance as an inclusive adaptive practice that offers an opportunity for women and queers of color to amend the Spokane/Coeur d'Alene writer-director’s creative authority. Adaptive acts are not only documents, but they document movements, decisions, and sociocultural action. Adaptation Studies must take seriously the power and possibilities of “adaptive acts” and “adaptive actors” from the margins if the field is to expand—adapt—in response to this diversity of adaptive potential.