Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1981. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [246]-271.

Thesis (M.Com.(Human Resources Management)) - University of Pretoria, 2005. / Abstract in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

University, Diss., 2001--Mannheim.

University, Diss., 2003--Kaiserslautern.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: [70]-77)

No description available.

Within the last 100 years, commercial chickens have been split into two main groups. Broiler chickens are produced for meat production while layers are produced for egg production. This has caused large phenotypic changes and the genomic signatures of selection may be detectable using statistical techniques. Genomic regions identified by these techniques may include genes associated with production traits, and is therefore of interest to animal breeders. This thesis investigates signatures of selection in a number of commercial chicken lines using several statistical techniques based on population differentiation and levels of genetic diversity. First, signatures of selection were investigated using population differentiation in nine lines of broiler chickens. Weir and Cockerham's pairwise FST was calculated for genome-wide markers between the broiler lines and averaged into overlapping sliding windows to remove stochastic effects. A chromosome bound, circular permutation method was used to generate a null distribution and determine the significance of each window. A total of 51 putative selection signatures were found shared between lines and 87 putative selection signatures were found to be unique to one line. The majority of these regions contain peak positions for broiler QTL found in previous studies and eight regions were significantly enriched for broiler QTL. One region located on chromosome 27 contained 39 broiler QTL and 114 genes, several of which were functional candidates for association with broiler traits. Secondly, areas of low diversity were investigated in three different SNP datasets. All three datasets were taken from the same broiler line at different time points and consisted of different SNP densities, including 12k, 42k and 600k. A number of zero diversity regions were found in each dataset and several were shared between the datasets. The 600k dataset was also analysed using a regression test, which investigates the patterns of diversity as the distance from the selected site increases. This method searches for signatures of selections by fitting a regression to the diversity data to test the fit of the data to the theoretical model. A total of 15 regions were found displaying significant asymptotic regression and diversity values less than 0.005. One of these regions located on chromosome 1 was also found as a fixed region in the 12k and 42k datasets and contained the gene IGF1, which encodes an important protein for growth. Finally, signatures of selection were investigated between broiler and layer datasets by investigating population differentiation and diversity based analysis. Weir and Cockerham's pairwise FST was calculated between the two lines and outliers extracted. A total of 32 regions were found displaying high differentiation. Seven regions of low diversity in the layer dataset were also investigated. Several broiler and layer QTL had been previously identified in these regions. Two genes related to hedgehog proteins were identified within selected regions, which are known to be involved in embryogenesis. Finally seven regions were found to be highly differentiated between the broiler and layer lines, and the nine broiler lines in the first chapter. This may indicate selection which occurred during breed separation. Signatures of selection were identified in four broiler and layer datasets using several statistical techniques. A number of regions were identified in multiple datasets by a number of techniques and are therefore good candidate regions for selection. Other statistical techniques could be used in future studies to further confirm these regions and identify causative genes and variants.

In one of the first reintroductions of a semi-wild population of bison (Bison bison) east of the Mississippi River, The Nature Conservancy reintroduced bison to the Nachusa Grasslands in northern Illinois in October 2014. Given the novelty of such efforts, questions remain regarding how human activity and prairie management affect bison habitat selection. My objective was to quantify bison habitat selection during 2014-16 to address literature gaps while investigating seasonal and annual changes. In October 2014, The Nature Conservancy collared 7 female bison with Lotek Iridium TrackM 3D and 4D collars programmed to take hourly locations. I randomly selected 1 bison location each hour to represent herd location and divided the resulting locations by season. Using resource selection functions, I compared the influence of land cover type, fire management, and concentrated human activity on habitat selection across seasons and at 2 scales: patch and enclosure. Land cover was consistently the best-fit model across seasons and scales with the exception of Winter 2016 at the enclosure scale. Bison strongly selected for partial restorations but showed no strong seasonal land cover selection trends. Bison selected for recently-burned prairie with the exception of Summer 2015 at the enclosure scale. At the patch scale, bison selected for areas closer to disturbed areas but did not show a strong trend at the enclosure scale. With a better understanding of how bison grazing is influenced by restoration management, wildlife managers can make better-informed decisions regarding bison restoration and public use.

Orientador: Francisco Maugeri Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goldbeck_Rosana_M.pdf: 985115 bytes, checksum: 293c51120ad7c4857c9bff41ab4e2724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Lipases (E.C.3.1.1.3) constituem um importante grupo de enzimas definidas como carboximetilesterases que catalisam a hidrólise de cadeias longas de acilgliceróis na interface água-óleo. Estão amplamente distribuídas na natureza estando presentes em animais e vegetais, podendo ser produzidas por microrganismos como fungos e bactérias. As lipases apresentam promissoras aplicações comerciais devido a sua estabilidade, seletividade, larga especificidade por substratos e capacidade de síntese orgânica. Embora os estudos científicos tenham se concentrado mais na aplicação das lipases, alguns grupos de pesquisa se dedicam também ao isolamento de microrganismos produtores de lipase, em busca de novas enzimas com diferentes propriedades e especificidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivo explorar uma classe de microrganismos pouco utilizada para a produção de lipases, que são as leveduras. Assim, a partir de leveduras silvestres isoladas de diversas regiões do país, selecionaram-se cepas produtoras de lipase, que foram em seguida estudas e caracterizadas. Primeiramente, realizou-se uma triagem inicial a partir de 372 leveduras isoladas e selecionaram-se aquelas que apresentam capacidade de produção de lipase. Esta seleção foi feita através da formação de um halo transparente ao redor das colônias quando cultivadas em placas contendo 0,5% de peptona, 0,3% de extrato de levedura, 2% de agar e 0,1% de tributirina, pH 6,0 a 30ºC por 48 horas. Após pré-selecionadas, as leveduras foram cultivadas em meio líquido contendo: 0,5% de peptona, 0,3% de extrato de levedura e 1% de óleo de oliva, pH 6,0, temperatura de 30ºC durante 48 horas sob agitação de 150 rpm para posterior determinação da atividade lipolítica. Em uma segunda etapa, após a seleção dessas leveduras, a lipase foi caracterizada quanto à especificidade de substrato, perfil de pH e temperatura, estabilidade térmica e de pH e capacidade biocatalítica de síntese orgânica. A especificidade de substrato da enzima foi realizada através da determinação da atividade lipolítica utilizando diferentes triglicerídeos (C4, C8, C10, C14, C18:1) como substratos. Para verificar a atividade catalítica, foi realizada síntese de ésteres em meio orgânico. Os ésteres formados durante a reação foram quantificados por cromatografia gasosa. Na etapa de seleção, das 372 leveduras silvestres estudadas, 3 cepas foram selecionadas com potencial para produção de lipase. Estas foram caracterizadas e apresentaram comportamentos distintos. Para a cepa AC02, temos como condições ótimas para a reação enzimática pH 7,0 e temperatura 44ºC, para o microrganismo AAV1, também temos como ótimo o pH 7,0, porém, uma temperatura um pouco mais elevada, 47ºC, já para a levedura AY3, as condições ótimas de temperatura e pH foram 37ºC e 6,6 respectivamente. Quanto à especificidade de substrato, a enzima proveniente do microrganismo AY3 apresentou atividade lipolítica superior em tributirina (C4) e tricaprilina (C8) quando comparada com óleo de oliva, demonstrando maior especificidade por triglicerídeos de cadeia curta e média. As três cepas estudadas apresentaram capacidade biocatalítica, no entanto foram registradas maiores porcentagens de esterificação quando utilizado etanol ao invés de heptanol como componente reacional. Portanto, a procura denovas lipases através de programas de seleção de microrganismos produtores é de fundamental importância para ampliar ainda mais o campo de aplicação dessas enzimas / Abstract: Lipases (E.C.3.1.1.3) consists of an important group of enzymes defined as carboxymethylesterases that catalyze the hydrolysis of long chains of acylglycerols in the water-oil interface. They are thoroughly distributed in the nature being present in animals and vegetables and can be produced by microorganisms such as fungal and bacteria. Lipase presents a promising commercial application because of their stability, selectivity, large specificity for substrates and capacity of organic synthesis. Although the scientific studies have been more concentrated in the application of lipases, some research groups are dedicated to the isolation of lipase producer microorganisms, with the goal of finding new enzymes with different substrate specificities. In face of that, this work had as main objective to select wild lipase producer yeasts isolated from different areas of the country, as well as study the specificity of the enzyme. At first, a selection of wild yeasts that presented lipase production capacity was accomplished. The strains that produce lipase were selected considering the formation of a transparent halo around of the colonies when cultivated in plates containing 0.5% of peptone, 0.3% of yeast extract, 2% of agar and 0.1% of tributyrin, at pH 6.0 and 30ºC for 48 hours. After being previously selected, the yeasts were then cultivated in shacked flasks in medium containing 0.5% of peptone, 0.3% of yeast extract and 1% of olive oil also at pH 6.0 and 30ºC for 48 hours, under agitation of 150 rpm for subsequent determination of the lipolytic activity. At a second stage, after the selection of the yeasts, the lipases were characterized concerning substrate specificity, pH and temperature profile, thermal and pH stability and the biocatalyst capacity for synthesis in organic media. The enzyme specificities for substrates were accomplished throughout the determination of the activity using different triglycerides (C4, C8, C10, C14, C18:1) as substrate. To verify the catalytic lipolytic activity, the synthesis of esters were accomplished in organic medium. The esters formed during the reaction were quantified by gas chromatography. In the selection stage, of the 372 studied wild yeasts, 3 strains were selected with potential for lipase production. These enzymes were characterized and they presented different behavior. For the strain AC02, the optimum conditions for the enzymatic reaction were pH 7.0 and 44ºC, for the microorganism AAV1, the pH 7.0 was also better however the optimum temperature was a little higher, 47ºC, and for the yeast AY3, the optimum conditions for temperature and pH were 37ºC and 6.6 respectively. For substrate specificity, the enzyme originated from the microorganism AY3 presented superior lipolytic activity in tributyrin (C4) and tricaprylin (C8) when compared with olive oil, demonstrating larger specificity for triglycerides of short and medium chain. The three strains studied presented biocatalyst capacity, however larger esterification percentages were registered when ethanol was used as component of the reaction instead of heptanol. Hence, the search of new lipases through programs of selection of microorganisms is of fundamental importance to enlarge the field of application of those enzymes / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

No description available.