Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_fm_me_assis.pdf: 332760 bytes, checksum: 3f80edd9e591eb4e3be116ec838a5f30 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um jovem pastor beduíno sai à procura por um de seus animais perdido na região do deserto da Judéia, próximo às bordas do mar Morto, no ano de 1947. Quando ingenuamente joga uma pedra em uma fenda de um penhasco, ouve um barulho de jarro quebrando. Assim ocorreu a maior descoberta de textos antigos jamais feita até então – os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Uma série de cavernas foi encontrada em seguida, das quais algumas também possuíam material manuscrito. Após isso, percebeu-se que estes manuscritos eram oriundos de um sítio arqueológico próximo, conhecido atualmente como Khirbet Qumran. O material literário que foi descoberto nestas cavernas passou desde então a ser estudado por eruditos do mundo inteiro. Entre estes manuscritos, uma parcela importante é de textos hinários que eram utilizados pela comunidade que residiu neste assentamento até pouco tempo antes da destruição de Jerusalém, em 70 d.C. Os textos hinários eram largamente utilizados pela comunidade de Qumran, com uma função importante dentro dos rituais comunitários e em manifestações pessoais de louvor a Deus. Da mesma maneira, percebemos através dos livros do Novo Testamento que nas comunidades cristãs do primeiro século, a prática do canto hinário foi uma constante. Não só suas composições hinárias, mas aspectos doutrinais destas comunidades apresentam influências consideráveis de materiais anteriores e de outras fontes contemporâneas. Antes da descoberta dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto, acreditavase que as maiores influências à literatura do Novo Testamento provinham somente da Bíblia Hebraica. Atualmente, percebemos mais do que isso. Alguns hinos e passagens... / A youth bedouin shepherd was searching for one of his lost animals in the area of the Judean desert, near the border of the Dead Sea, in the year of 1947. When he ingenuously threw a stone in a rift of a cliff, he heard a vessel noise breaking. Thus happened like this the largest discovery of old texts ever done until then – the Dead Sea Scrolls. A series of caves was found soon after, several of which contained hand written material. Archaeologists soon realized that these manuscripts were originating from a nearby archaeological site, known now as Khirbet Qumran. Scholars worldwide have studied the literary material that was discovered in these caves. The hymnary texts that were used by the community that resided in this settlement from before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. are among the most priceless documents discovered. The broadly used hymnary texts of the Qumran community had a significant function in the religious and ritualistic life of the community as evidenced by the personal manifestations of praise to God in the texts. This is analogous to the practices of the early Christian communities of the first century, as described in the New Testament, in which the practice of singing hymns was a daily occurrence. In addition to containing hymnal compositions, the texts also present the doctrinal aspects of the Qumran community. The doctrine presented in the texts shows a considerable influence from older sources and contemporary sources of the Qumran community. Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it was believed that the largest influence to the literature of the New Testament was solely derived from the Hebraic Bible.

Orientador: Ivan Esperança Rocha / Banca: Paulo Augusto de Souza Nogueira / Banca: Andrea Lucia Dorini de Oliveira Carvalho Rossi / Resumo: Um jovem pastor beduíno sai à procura por um de seus animais perdido na região do deserto da Judéia, próximo às bordas do mar Morto, no ano de 1947. Quando ingenuamente joga uma pedra em uma fenda de um penhasco, ouve um barulho de jarro quebrando. Assim ocorreu a maior descoberta de textos antigos jamais feita até então - os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Uma série de cavernas foi encontrada em seguida, das quais algumas também possuíam material manuscrito. Após isso, percebeu-se que estes manuscritos eram oriundos de um sítio arqueológico próximo, conhecido atualmente como Khirbet Qumran. O material literário que foi descoberto nestas cavernas passou desde então a ser estudado por eruditos do mundo inteiro. Entre estes manuscritos, uma parcela importante é de textos hinários que eram utilizados pela comunidade que residiu neste assentamento até pouco tempo antes da destruição de Jerusalém, em 70 d.C. Os textos hinários eram largamente utilizados pela comunidade de Qumran, com uma função importante dentro dos rituais comunitários e em manifestações pessoais de louvor a Deus. Da mesma maneira, percebemos através dos livros do Novo Testamento que nas comunidades cristãs do primeiro século, a prática do canto hinário foi uma constante. Não só suas composições hinárias, mas aspectos doutrinais destas comunidades apresentam influências consideráveis de materiais anteriores e de outras fontes contemporâneas. Antes da descoberta dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto, acreditavase que as maiores influências à literatura do Novo Testamento provinham somente da Bíblia Hebraica. Atualmente, percebemos mais do que isso. Alguns hinos e passagens... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A youth bedouin shepherd was searching for one of his lost animals in the area of the Judean desert, near the border of the Dead Sea, in the year of 1947. When he ingenuously threw a stone in a rift of a cliff, he heard a vessel noise breaking. Thus happened like this the largest discovery of old texts ever done until then - the Dead Sea Scrolls. A series of caves was found soon after, several of which contained hand written material. Archaeologists soon realized that these manuscripts were originating from a nearby archaeological site, known now as Khirbet Qumran. Scholars worldwide have studied the literary material that was discovered in these caves. The hymnary texts that were used by the community that resided in this settlement from before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. are among the most priceless documents discovered. The broadly used hymnary texts of the Qumran community had a significant function in the religious and ritualistic life of the community as evidenced by the personal manifestations of praise to God in the texts. This is analogous to the practices of the early Christian communities of the first century, as described in the New Testament, in which the practice of singing hymns was a daily occurrence. In addition to containing hymnal compositions, the texts also present the doctrinal aspects of the Qumran community. The doctrine presented in the texts shows a considerable influence from older sources and contemporary sources of the Qumran community. Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it was believed that the largest influence to the literature of the New Testament was solely derived from the Hebraic Bible. / Mestre

This thesis identifies Jewish mystical elements in the Dead Sea Scrolls and compares them with analogous elements in the Corinthian Correspondence, to illuminate through differences and similarities how Paul advocates a mystical and communal participation in the spirit. After defining early Jewish mysticism and introducing methodology—heuristic comparison—in chapter 1, Part I identifies and investigates mystical elements in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Chapter 2 explores how the spirit facilitates a liturgica mystica with angels in Hodayota. Chapter 3 shows from 1QS and Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice that the Qumran temple community, in an archetypal relationship, shares in the priestly service of the angels. Chapter 4 argues that Moses-Δόξα traditions in the Scrolls portray Moses as an exalted, angelic-like mediator with supernatural authority—an ideal model for the Qumran priesthood. The ascent texts surveyed in chapter 5 reveal the conceivability of heavenly ascent at Qumran. In light of these studies, the Qumran community’s worship praxis and apperception of divine transcendence can be characterised as a liturgical and communal mysticism. Part II compares these findings with corresponding elements related to participation in the spirit in 1 and 2 Corinthians. Chapter 6 shows how Paul advances an epistemology of the spirit and participation (κοινωνία) in the spirit that is communal. Chapter 7 analyses angelic presence and angelic tongues as extensions of the spirit-enabled temple metaphor. Chapter 8 demonstrates how Paul democratises the spirit-facilitated, mystical encounter with the glory of the Lord and supports an ongoing, christomorphic and theotic transformation of the community. Chapter 9 examines how Paul’s heavenly ascent functions rhetorically to build up and instruct the ekklesia with a cruciform perspective of communal participation. Chapter 10 draws final conclusions showing the fruitfulness and validity of heuristic comparison. Paul appropriates Jewish mystical traditions and reinterprets them to promote the ongoing Christological and mystical transformation of the Corinthian community in and by the spirit. This reveals the predominantly corporate tenor of participation in the spirit for Paul. Overall, this investigation builds upon and contributes to studies of Jewish mysticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Paul and Jewish mysticism, Corinthians, spirit, and notions of communal participation and theosis.

<p>This thesis examines the nature and theological function of God’s revelation of knowledge in five texts discovered at Qumran: <em>Instruction</em>, the <em>Treatise on the Two Spirits</em>, the <em>Hodayot</em>, the <em>Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice</em>, and the <em>Songs of the Sage</em>. Chapter 1 is a historical survey of the different ways scholars have understood and classified God’s revelation of knowledge in the Scrolls. Scholars have often interpreted these texts in isolation from one another, and they have disagreed about whether the concept of divine revelation expressed in them is derived from the sapiential, prophetic, or apocalyptic traditions. I propose that all five of these texts should be interpreted together and that they all drew upon a single distinct revelatory tradition.</p> <p>In chapters 2–6, I examine each of the texts mentioned above by asking three questions: What did God reveal? How did he reveal it? What is the theological function of God’s revelation? In asking the last question, I am particularly interested in the role that God’s revelation of knowledge plays in the anthropological and soteriological worldview of the authors. Over the course of chapters 2–6, I argue that all five of these texts represent essentially the same revelatory tradition. In this tradition, God has revealed the mysteries of his cosmic design and the statutes of his covenant with creation to certain righteous people. God’s act of revelation takes place either through a visionary experience or an indwelling spirit that imparts knowledge. This knowledge of God’s cosmic design has the power to rectify the corrupt human condition which, in turn, allows those who have knowledge to enter into paradise where they can commune with the angels. Through God’s revelation of knowledge, the righteous can obtain the glorious state that Adam once possessed in the Garden of Eden.</p> <p>In chapter 7, I conclude the thesis by summarizing the principle features of the revelatory tradition contained in these five texts. I argue that this tradition did not flow directly from any of the standard tradition streams of which scholars typically speak (sapiential, prophetic, or apocalyptic), although, it does contain elements from all of these. Instead, these texts utilize a revelatory tradition that originated from within the Jerusalem temple establishment. This temple tradition equated the inner sanctuary of the temple with the Garden of Eden and the high priest with Adam. Within the holy of holies one could access God’s throne and receive the knowledge of his cosmic design. This tradition was eventually brought out of the temple and into religious communities which came to see themselves as the true paradisiacal temple. These communities believed that God continued to reveal his cosmic design in and through them allowing the community members to become like Adam and join together with the angels in communal worship of God.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>This study presents an investigation into and reassessment of the theological frameworks within which traditions of anthropogony, or the origin of humankind, are best comprehended in the Qumran Hodayot and the letters of Paul. The dominant framework in which such traditions are usually comprehended is that of the creation, fall, and restoration of humankind. The argument put forward is that this framework does not adequately account for the manner that both the Hodayot and the apostle Paul severely problematize created human nature and anticipate a transformation of human ontology as determined by its initial creation by God.</p> <p>The study of anthropogonic traditions in the Hodayot demonstrates that the creation of Adam from dust presents an obstacle to the fulfillment of “all the glory of Adam/<em>adam.</em>” Through a deconstruction of the <em>adam</em>-of-dust motif that is inspired by the book of Job and assisted by the equation of creation from the earth and gestation in the womb, the Hodayot severely problematize the moral integrity and innate impurity of the human condition as represented by the creation of Adam. In this way, the creation of humankind from Gen 2:6-7 is put into tension with the accounts of creation in Gen 1:26-29 and Psalm 8, which stand behind exalted depictions of humankind in the Hodayot. This is shown to be an adaptation of the theodicy contained in the Treatise on the Two Spirits.</p> <p>The study of anthropogonic traditions in the apostle Paul is undertaken in two parts. In the first, which deals with letters outside Romans, Paul is found to be preoccupied largely with the category of the “image of God.” It is argued that Paul assumes the continuing operation of Adam’s creation in the “image of God” in his descendants and that conformation to the heavenly image of Christ is, therefore, modeled not on fall-restoration but the duality of heaven and earth, reflected in the creation of humankind after a heavenly prototype.</p> <p>In the second part, which deals with Romans, Paul is found to be preoccupied with Adam’s relationship to creation and his proven inability to carry forward God’s ordering work of creation, a perspective Paul introduced in 1 Cor 15:20-28. Here it is argued that the framework that comprehends Adam’s initial state is not that of a supernatural condition of grace or glory, but of initial innocence and immaturity and yet also innate corruptibility, not only materially but morally. Consequently, it is only in assimilation to the heavenly image of Christ that “Adam” can exercise dominion over creation.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis examines the use and function of a specific group of Psalms, the so-called “Royal Psalms,” among the texts of the Qumran library. From the time of their integration into the worship practices of the Israelite people in the obscure past to the Second Temple period and beyond, these Psalms continued to be a source of inspiration to the Jewish people. Though there have been many studies that have analyzed their Sitz im Leben, use, interpretation, and application for many different periods, no study has attempted a thorough analysis of their use among the Qumran documents. Analyses of the use in the Qumran texts of certain individual Royal Psalms exist, but these do not attempt to cover the Royal Psalms as a corpus. The present thesis will analyze the appearance in the Qumran library of the eleven generally-accepted Royal Psalms: Pss 2, 18, 20, 21, 45, 72, 89, 101, 110, 132, and 144. This study explores whether or not these Psalms are to be found in the known Qumran Psalms scrolls, variations or differences as compared to the Masoretic Text, how they are were interpreted in exegetical and other texts, quotations of and allusions to them, and how themes from the Royal Psalms contribute to the structure and theology of non-canonical royal psalms found at Qumran. An understanding of the use of the biblical Royal Psalms in these texts is of value for our comprehension of what happened to the pre-exilic royal traditions as these hymns continued to be used in a post-monarchic society. This dissertation makes an original contribution toward these goals, establishing that there was an interest on the part of the authors of many of the Qumran texts in royal themes although they lived long after the monarchy had ended.

AFRIKAANS: In die laat tagtigs en vroeë negentigs van hierdie eeu is die res van die Oumran-geskrifte wat ontdek is, openbaar gemaak. Met die gebeurtenis het talle moontlikhede vir die wetenskaplike bestudering van 'n groot aantal dokumente ontstaan. 4Qlnstruction is een van die dokumente wat beskikbaar geraak het, en is geklassifiseer as 'n wysheidsteks wat 'n legio moontlikhede vir wetenskaplike bestudering moontlik gemaak het. As gevolg van die fragmentariese aard van die teks bestaan daar nog geen vasgestelde teks vir die geskrif nie en is daar nog nie 'n volledige vertaling nie. Hierdie twee faktore asook die feit dat die fragmente tematiese ooreenstemming (maar ook verskille) toon met ander wysheidsgeskrifte, het as motivering vir hierdie studie gedien. In hierdie studie gee ek 'n eie komposisie van die teks asook 'n vertaling van die geselekteerde fragmente (4Q417 2i-ii en 4Q416 2ii-iv ) van 4Qlnstruction weer. Deur middel van intertekstualiteit word die fragmente vergelyk met ander wysheidsgeskrifte (Ben Sira, ander Qumran-geskrifte en Spreuke) uit die Israelitiese geledere, Bepaalde wysheidstemas is in die fragmente geïdentifiseer, waarna dit met ooreenstemmende temas in die ander geselekteerde geskrifte vergelyk is, Die intertekstuele studie behels 'n bestudering van die geskrewe teks sowel as die gebeurde teks, Die onderskeie geskrifte se tekste sowel as kontekste is met ander woorde met mekaar vergelyk, in 'n poging om die rede(s) vir die ooreenstemmende asook verskillende opvattings oor soortgelyke temas binne die Israelitiese 'biblioteek' te verklaar. Na aanleiding van die intertekstuele studie wi! dit voorkom asof die ooreenstemminge voor die deur van die 'bronteks' (oorspronklike teks) gelê kan word, terwyl die verskille meer verstaanbaar is in die Iig van die onderskeie geskrifte se omstandighede (konteks/ sosiaie teks). ENGLISH: In the late eighties and the early nineties of this century most of the Oumran texts which were discovered were made public. Along with this, many opportunities arose for scholars to study the many documents contained therein. 4Qlnstruction is one of the documents which became available and as a result thereof, a wide range of opportunities opened up to scholars. Due to the fragmentary nature of the text, there is as yet no formal text of the document available. The motivation for this study arises from the above mentioned factors along with the fact that the fragments have both similarities and differences within certain themes. In this study I am presenting my own reconstruction and translation of selected 4Qlnstruction fragments (4Q417 2i-ii and 4Q416 2ii-iv). By using intertextual study, the fragments are compared with other wisdom texts (Ben Sira, other Qumran texts and Proverbs) from the Israelite 'library'. Certain wisdom themes are identified in the fragments and compared with similar themes in the other selected texts. The Intertextual study involves a study of the written text(s) as well as of the actual events (social text). Hence, the text(s) and context(s) of the selected works are compared with each other in an attempt to explain the reasons for the similarities as well as the varying opinions within the similar wisdom themes contained in the Israelite 'library'. In the Intertextual approach, it appears as if the similarities can be attributed to the original Israelite theology or ideology, while the differences are due to the varying situations (context/ social text). / Dissertation (MA (Semitic Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

This thesis explores the politics of representing the assemblage of ancient manuscripts known as the Dead Sea Scrolls to popular audiences in Israel, the occupied West Bank, and the United States. I demonstrate that these objects of national heritage are circulated along transnational routes to maintain the legitimacy of nationalist discourse abroad. Three sites—the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Qumran National Park in the West Bank, and a travelling exhibit presented at the Boston Museum of Science—are examined for textual narrative, spatial arrangement, and visitor behavior. Analysis of these observations illuminates two recurring motifs common to all three sites: the restoration of an ancient ethno-national landscape (“land of Israel”) in the contemporary landscape of Palestine/Israel and the important legacy of ancient Jewish society in contemporary Israel and “the West.” These motifs and the way they are presented through a framing of cultural heritage can be associated with a larger nationalist discourse maintained by Israeli state authorities and mainstream media that perpetuates a linking of western liberal and Zionist ideologies. I contend that the transnational circulation of this nationalist heritage narrative works to legitimize—at a global scale—an ongoing Israeli program of occupation and settlement in Palestinian territory subsumed under the biblical/Zionist frame of the “land of Israel.” While making preliminary suggestions toward critical interventions, I also suggest that the analysis of transnational encounters with nationalist heritage merits deeper ethnographic investigation towards understanding its impact on individuals’ political (in)action towards the Israel/Palestine conflict.