Death culture is a fundamental aspect of human existence, with the primary purpose of commemorating and preserving the identity of the deceased. Epitaphs, a physical object created to mark the tomb, are seen in antiquity and modern cultures. Protection epitaphs, a subset of these epitaphs, are a subculture within ancient Rome that incorporate a request for protection. These epitaphs share a common thread of death culture: care and respect for the dead. Rituals are cultural practices that follow a set protocol, with roles assigned to the practitioner and target, as well as an observer. In this study of protective death epitaphs, the family (typical practitioner) of the protective epitaph commemorates the deceased or potential target of malicious intent. The ritual is the protocol of placing a statement on a tombstone that asks not to defile the tomb. The two main types of protection seen in protective death epitaphs are passive and aggressive. Passive protection gives a broad statement in both the request and the potential consequence, while aggressive protection typically gives a broad statement in the request and a more specific consequence. In conclusion, protection epitaphs are a subset of Roman death culture that emphasizes the importance of care and respect for the dead. This research highlights the underrepresented and marginalized group of people commemorated in these epitaphs and the importance of studying and giving light to their practices and intentions. / Master of Arts / Death culture is a significant aspect of human existence, primarily aimed at commemorating and preserving the identity of the deceased. This paper examines a subculture within ancient Rome, specifically nineteen protective epitaphs, which all share a request for protection. These epitaphs are a subset of epitaphs that request extra space on grave markers to steer away potential harm, including the use of magic with malicious intent. Rituals are cultural practices that follow a set protocol, with roles assigned to the practitioner and target, and sometimes an observer. The deceased or target is commemorated by the family, who performs the protective epitaph. In this study of protective death epitaphs, the two main types of protection seen are passive and aggressive. Passive protection provides a broad statement in both the request and the potential consequence, while aggressive protection typically gives a broad statement in the request and a more specific consequence. The study of protection epitaphs reveals the common thread of death culture, which is to care and respect the dead. The families commemorated their deceased in these epitaphs, demonstrating the importance of respecting the dead and preserving their identity.

nÃo hà / Este estudo apresenta imagens e narrativas dos agricultores e das agricultoras idosas do SemiÃrido Piauiense desenvolvidas durante a realizaÃÃo do trabalho de campo entre os anos de 2010 a 2012 nas cidades de SimÃes Francisco SantosPicos e povoados (Angical dos Domingos Lagoa dos FÃlix e Chapada dos Mocambos)que compÃem o TerritÃrio Vale do Rio Guaribas parte da macrorregiÃo de Picos Inspirada na prÃtica etnogrÃfica e com uma caixa de ferramentas na mÃo (caderno de campo gravador filmadora e mÃquina fotogrÃfica) adentrei as trilhas do sertÃo piauiense com o objetivo de dialogar com os trabalhadores e as trabalhadoras idosas e seus familiares para conhecer e analisar seus modos de vida observando que sentidos e significados da velhice sÃo compartilhados como percebem as marcas corporais impressas pelo envelhecimento por que permanecem na roÃa apÃs aposentadoria como vivenciam a morte e simbologias do morrer entre outros aspectos Assim o trabalho de observar escutar e escrever as narrativas ofereceu um rico e instigante campo de interpretaÃÃes aberto a tessituras teÃricas e metodolÃgicas no Ãmbito das CiÃncias Sociais particularmente para a antropologia visual e a sociologia Os significados atribuÃdos ao envelhecimento e à morte no contexto rural abrem outras possibilidades de diÃlogos e estudos, uma vez que as experiÃncias de velhices cartografadas sugerem o reconhecimento de uma velhice sintonizada à paisagem ao territÃrio e Ãs prÃticas de convivÃncia com o semiÃrido pois as relaÃÃes sociais os modos de vida e os valores compartilhados expressaram a lÃgica desse pertencimento / This study presents images and narratives of elderly farmers of Semiarid from Piauà developed during the course of field work between the years 2010 to 2012 in the cities of SimÃes Francisco Santos Picos and villages (Angical dos Domingos, Lagoa dos FÃlix and Chapada dos Mocambos) which comprise the territory Vale do Rio Guaribas part of the macro-region of Picos Inspired by the ethnographic practice and a tool box in hand (field notebook recorder camcorder and camera) I entered the backcountry trails of Piauà in order to dialogue with older workers and their families to know and analyze their lifestyles, noting which meanings and senses of old age are shared how they perceive the body marks printed by aging for which reasons they stay on the farm after retirement how they experience death and dying symbologies among others Thus the work of observing listening and writing narratives offered a rich and exciting field of interpretations open to theoretical and methodological tessituras in the ambit of the social sciences particularly for visual anthropology and sociology The meanings attributed to aging and death in the rural context open other possibilities for dialogue and study since the old ages experiences mapped suggest the recognition of an age attuned to the landscape the territory and the practices of coexistence with the semiarid region, because the social relations, ways of life and shared values expressed the logic of belonging

SOUZA, Maria Rosângela de. As velhices que habitam os Sertões: cartografia dos modos de envelhecer e morrer no Semiárido Piauiense. 2013. 269f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-09T11:11:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_mrsouza.pdf: 15240913 bytes, checksum: 8ae23f79a613e23794c139d3277bc6fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-09T12:29:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_mrsouza.pdf: 15240913 bytes, checksum: 8ae23f79a613e23794c139d3277bc6fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_mrsouza.pdf: 15240913 bytes, checksum: 8ae23f79a613e23794c139d3277bc6fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This study presents images and narratives of elderly farmers of Semiarid from Piauí developed during the course of field work between the years 2010 to 2012 in the cities of Simões Francisco Santos Picos and villages (Angical dos Domingos, Lagoa dos Félix and Chapada dos Mocambos) which comprise the territory Vale do Rio Guaribas part of the macro-region of Picos Inspired by the ethnographic practice and a tool box in hand (field notebook recorder camcorder and camera) I entered the backcountry trails of Piauí in order to dialogue with older workers and their families to know and analyze their lifestyles, noting which meanings and senses of old age are shared how they perceive the body marks printed by aging for which reasons they stay on the farm after retirement how they experience death and dying symbologies among others Thus the work of observing listening and writing narratives offered a rich and exciting field of interpretations open to theoretical and methodological tessituras in the ambit of the social sciences particularly for visual anthropology and sociology The meanings attributed to aging and death in the rural context open other possibilities for dialogue and study since the old ages experiences mapped suggest the recognition of an age attuned to the landscape the territory and the practices of coexistence with the semiarid region, because the social relations, ways of life and shared values expressed the logic of belonging. / Este estudo apresenta imagens e narrativas dos agricultores e das agricultoras idosas do Semiárido Piauiense desenvolvidas durante a realização do trabalho de campo entre os anos de 2010 a 2012 nas cidades de Simões Francisco SantosPicos e povoados (Angical dos Domingos Lagoa dos Félix e Chapada dos Mocambos)que compõem o Território Vale do Rio Guaribas parte da macrorregião de Picos Inspirada na prática etnográfica e com uma caixa de ferramentas na mão (caderno de campo gravador filmadora e máquina fotográfica) adentrei as trilhas do sertão piauiense com o objetivo de dialogar com os trabalhadores e as trabalhadoras idosas e seus familiares para conhecer e analisar seus modos de vida observando que sentidos e significados da velhice são compartilhados como percebem as marcas corporais impressas pelo envelhecimento por que permanecem na roça após aposentadoria como vivenciam a morte e simbologias do morrer entre outros aspectos Assim o trabalho de observar escutar e escrever as narrativas ofereceu um rico e instigante campo de interpretações aberto a tessituras teóricas e metodológicas no âmbito das Ciências Sociais particularmente para a antropologia visual e a sociologia Os significados atribuídos ao envelhecimento e à morte no contexto rural abrem outras possibilidades de diálogos e estudos, uma vez que as experiências de velhices cartografadas sugerem o reconhecimento de uma velhice sintonizada à paisagem ao território e às práticas de convivência com o semiárido pois as relações sociais os modos de vida e os valores compartilhados expressaram a lógica desse pertencimento.

No description available.