The main purpose of this study is to build upon previous post buckling research by including the effects of material degradation on column strength due to temperature increase. Failure of a structure during a fire occurs in most part because of material degradation. As the temperature increases the stiffness and strength of a structural material decreases and ultimately results in failure. In this study, columns with three different types of end restraints were studied. These are: Pinned-Pinned Columns, Pinned-Fixed Columns, Fixed-Fixed Columns. For each end-restraint type three different slenderness ratios were considered: λ=50, λ=125, and λ=200. After the data was reviewed, some conclusions that can be made are Axially restricted columns with lower slenderness ratios are more affected by material degradation. This is because columns with lower slenderness ratios have a higher Tcr allowing the effects of material degradation to begin affecting the columns strength at much lower T/Tcr ratios, in some cases before the ratio even reaches 1. Axially restricted columns with a higher number of rotational end-restraints are more affected by material degradation. This can also be attributed to a higher Tcr that allows the effects of material degradation to begin affecting the columns strength at much lower T/Tcr ratios.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 velosa_ac_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf: 147046 bytes, checksum: ca1e7944fa7f305374a31b7431eaafe8 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-08-22T14:57:13Z: velosa_ac_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-08-22T15:02:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000710042.pdf: 1214453 bytes, checksum: 9a89f857cd03c2d145ac4fba85171062 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se neste trabalho a degradação oxidativa do contaminante modelo 2,4-D, um herbicida, pelo sistema Fe0/ O2. Para isto foram estudados diversos parâmetros como: concentração de Fe0, variação de pH, concentração de 2,4-D, presença de ligantes, variação de pH na presença de ligantes, efeito da concentração dos ligantes EDTA e DTPA, variação da velocidade de agitação e borbulhamento de ar, efeito do tamanho de partícula de Fe0 e da presença de ânions comumente encontrados em efluentes ou águas subterrâneas contaminadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a degradação de 2,4-D, na ausência de ligantes, alcança ca. de 50% para concentrações de 1 ou 2% (m/V) de Fe0 em 60 ou 150 minutos, respectivamente, sendo a velocidade de degradação inversa ao aumento da concentração de Fe0 para reações com ajuste de pH inicial em 3. Nas reações com pH ajustado ao longo de todo o período observou-se um aumneto da velocidade de reação com a diminuição do pH. A presença de EDTA e DTPA aumentou a velocidade de degradação de 2,4-D em todos os valores de pH estudados e expandiu a faixa de aplicação do sistema para pHs neutros. O aumento da concentração de EDTA resulta no aumento da velocidade de degradação de 2,4-D. A degradação de EDTA também foi observada durante a reação. A diminuição da velocidade de agitação, assim como a retirada do borbulhamento de ar do sistema, diminuem a velocidade de degradação de 2,4-D. O Fe0 microparticulado apresentou uma cinética de degradação bimodal e bem mais lenta em relação ao nanoparticulado. A presença de cloreto, sulfato, bicarbonato ou hidrogenofosfato não alterou a velocidade de degradação de 2,4-D no sistema com DTPA, entretanto o nitrato exibiu uma leve inibição do processo. Foram avaliados também a reatividade e o tempo de vida de diferentes... / The oxidative degradation of the herbicide 2,4-D promoted by Fe0/O2 system has been evaluated. Several parameters have been studied like: Fe0 and 2,4-D concentrations, pH, effect of different ligands, EDTA and DTPA concentrations, speed rate and air bubbling, Fe0 particle size and presence of anions usually found in wastewater or contaminated groundwater. The results show that, in absence of ligands, 2,4-D degradation reaches up to 50% in 150 minutes for 2% Fe0 and that the degradation rate decreased as the Fe0 concentration increased. In stabilized pH reactions the degradation rate increased as the pH decreased. The presence of EDTA or DTPA enhanced 2,4-D degradation for all pH values evaluated and enlarged the reactive zone to neutral pH. Increasing EDTA concentration resulted in an increase of 2,4-D degradation rate. EDTA degradation is also observed during the reaction. Decreasing speed rate, as well as turning the air bubbling off, resulted in lower 2,4-D degradation. The use of microparticulated Fe0 turned the 2,4-D degradation kinetics in a bimodal process besides slowing it down. Sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphate didn’t change 2,4-D degradation rate, however nitrate slightly inhibited the process in presence of DTPA. The reactivity and lifetime of some commercial Fe0 nanoparticles (Nanofer 25, Nanofer 25S and Zloy) were also evaluated for TCE reduction. The TCE reduction by different materials showed that kobs has decreased in synthetic groundwater in comparison to deionized water. The stabilizing polymer shell on the surface of Nanofer 25S protected the metallic iron from water corrosion and prevented the inhibition action of anions on TCE reduction. Zloy showed the highest reduction rate for TCE and for water as well, having a very short lifetime (5 days) in deionized water. However the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Filmes de polietileno (PE) contendo aditivo pró-degradante à base de um composto de cobalto foram expostos a intemperismo natural por 12 meses, em Canoas, RS (30º S, 59º W), sob condições de umidade ambiente e saturação de umidade. Procurou-se desenvolver condições de ensaio adequado para a degradação abiótica e biótica, visando monitorar alterações na estrutura da cadeia e propriedades mecânicas. Obtiveram-se valores crescentes de índice de carbonila com o aumento do tempo de exposição ao intemperismo natural, por meio de espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A massa molar ponderal média decresceu de 170.000 para próximo de 8.000 g mol-1 com 4 – 5 meses de exposição, com fragilização progressiva das amostras e diminuição da resistência mecânica. A degradação biótica dos resíduos de PE originados a partir da degradação abiótica foi realizada em células fechadas, a 58º C. Após 90 dias de ensaio, as amostras de PE tiveram 12 % do seu carbono convertido a CO2, contra 70% obtidos com celulose (padrão positivo). Mesmo com essa diferença elevada em relação ao padrão positivo, a biodegradabilidade desenvolvida pelo PE pode ser considerada muito boa, uma vez que a biodegradação dessa poliolefina sem aditivo promotor de degradaçao é extremamente pequena. Assim, o aditivo pródegradante teve uma eficiência significativa em acelerar a degradação abiótica dos filmes de PE expostos ao intemperismo natural, em condições de umidade ambiente ou saturação de umidade. / Plastic bags of polyethylene (PE) containing cobalt prodegradant additive were exposed to natural weathering for 12 months, in Canoas, RS (30° S, 59º W). An appropriate test methodology for monitoring abiotic and biotic degradation was chosen, with evaluation of changes in the structure of the polymeric chain, mechanical parameters and biodegradation. Increasing results of carbonyl index demonstrated accelerated oxidation of the samples. The molar mass (weight average) decreased from 170.000 to 8.000 g mol-1 after 4 – 5 months of exposure, being followed by fragilization and mechanical resistance decrease. Biotic degradation tests of PE bags residues were performed in closed vessels, at the temperature of 58 ºC. According to the tests, residues of PE films reached a mineralization of 12% after 90 days, compared to 70 % for cellulose. That degree of biodegradation may be considered high, because biodegradation of PE films not containing prodegradant additives is very slow. Thus, the additive was showed efficient to accelerate the abiotic degradation, conferring biodegradability to PE films.

Submitted by ALINE ROMBEGA TITO ROSA null (alinertr@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T19:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado_Aline_Defesa_Imprimir_ Correçoes pós_defesa.pdf: 7184094 bytes, checksum: 3966b28270489d6c194f4b55ae0f9101 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-29T16:53:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_art_me_jabo.pdf: 7184094 bytes, checksum: 3966b28270489d6c194f4b55ae0f9101 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-29T16:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_art_me_jabo.pdf: 7184094 bytes, checksum: 3966b28270489d6c194f4b55ae0f9101 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / As pastagens no Brasil ocupam mais de 172 milhões de hectares, no qual 50% deste total já se encontram em alguma fase de degradação, com perda de matéria orgânica do solo e consequente elevação das emissões de carbono para a atmosfera. Neste sentido, informações quantitativas dos níveis de degradação das pastagens e do ambiente podem apoiar políticas de gestão ambiental. Este estudo teve o intuito de avaliar a aplicabilidade e eficácia do uso do sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento no diagnóstico de áreas de pastagens degradadas e sua correlação com a qualidade física do solo, na bacia do rio Uberaba, Veríssimo – MG. Os dados de sensoriamento remoto foram analisados utilizando três modelos matemáticos de regressão, sendo dois não lineares com distribuição ondulatória e um linear. O modelo de regressão cúbica, a partir das séries temporais do Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), descreveu melhor o comportamento médio do pixel ao longo do ano, elucidando em média 75,7% dos dados válidos, apresentando inexistência de perda amostral em decorrência dos efeitos atmosféricos; principalmente presença de nuvens. Em todas as áreas de pastagens avaliadas foi observada densidade do solo acima dos valores críticos descritos na literatura, o que confere condições restritivas ao crescimento e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, à infiltração e ao transporte de água, bem como às trocas gasosas entre o solo e a atmosfera. Ainda, foi evidenciada redução da proporção de macro microporos, comprometendo a adequada aeração, permeabilidade e armazenamento de água. Portanto, os resultados apontam que o método de diagnóstico das áreas de pastagens a partir de séries temporais do MODIS MOD13Q1 foi mais adequado na determinação do padrão de comportamento do pixel ao longo do ano; as áreas de pastagens do município de Veríssimo-MG apresentaram padrões espectrais distintos, permitindo a classificação e correlação com os níveis de degradação; as análises dos atributos físicos revelam que todas as áreas avaliadas apresentam sinais de degradação, inclusive as áreas com presença de pasto sadio; os solos das diferentes fisionomias de pastagens apresentaram intenso processo de compactação, com redução da porosidade, decorrente principalmente do efeito do pisoteio do gado. / Pastures in Brazil occupy more than 172 million hectares, in which 50% are already in some stage of degradation with loss of soil organic matter and the consequent rise in carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Thus, quantitative information of the degradation levels of pastures and the environment can support environmental management policies. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of remote sensing and GIS use in the diagnosis of degraded pastures areas and its correlation with the soil physical quality in the basin of Uberaba river, Veríssimo - MG. The remote sensing data were analyzed using three mathematical regression models, two nonlinear wave with a linear distribution and linear .The cubic regression model, from temporal series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), best described the average behavior of the pixel throughout the year, elucidating on average 75.7% of the valid data, showing absence of sample loss due to atmospheric effects; mainly the presence of clouds. In all areas evaluated pasture was observed soil density above the critical values reported in the literature, which gives restrictive conditions for growth and root development, infiltration and water transport and gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the proportion of macro micropores, compromising the proper aeration, water permeability and storage. Therefore, the results indicate that the diagnostic method of pasturelands from MODIS MOD13Q1 the time series was more appropriate in determining the pixel pattern of behavior throughout the year; the areas of Veríssimo-MG pastures showed distinct spectral patterns, allowing classification and correlation with the levels of degradation; the analysis of physical attributes reveal that all evaluated areas show signs of degradation, including areas with presence of healthy pasture; the soils of different pastures physiognomies showed intense process of compaction, reducing the porosity, mainly due to the effect of cattle trampling.

Chlorotoluron photochemical degradation in homogeneous phase (aqueous solutions) was studied. Photolysis by UV radiation, influence of metal (ferric, ferrous) ions, pH, and solvent composition on the reaction rate was investigated. Photosensitizing effect of humic samples was tested. Kinetic characteristics (rate constants, overall quantum yield), products of reactions and extent of mineralization was evaluated.

No description available.

No description available.

abstract: ABSTRACT As the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in large power plants continues to increase globally, more studies on degradation, reliability, failure modes, and mechanisms of field aged modules are needed to predict module life expectancy based on accelerated lifetime testing of PV modules. In this work, a 26+ year old PV power plant in Phoenix, Arizona has been evaluated for performance, reliability, and durability. The PV power plant, called Solar One, is owned and operated by John F. Long's homeowners association. It is a 200 kWdc, standard test conditions (STC) rated power plant comprised of 4000 PV modules or frameless laminates, in 100 panel groups (rated at 175 kWac). The power plant is made of two center-tapped bipolar arrays, the north array and the south array. Due to a limited time frame to execute this large project, this work was performed by two masters students (Jonathan Belmont and Kolapo Olakonu) and the test results are presented in two masters theses. This thesis presents the results obtained on the south array and the other thesis presents the results obtained on the north array. Each of these two arrays is made of four sub arrays, the east sub arrays (positive and negative polarities) and the west sub arrays (positive and negative polarities), making up eight sub arrays. The evaluation and analyses of the power plant included in this thesis consists of: visual inspection, electrical performance measurements, and infrared thermography. A possible presence of potential induced degradation (PID) due to potential difference between ground and strings was also investigated. Some installation practices were also studied and found to contribute to the power loss observed in this investigation. The power output measured in 2011 for all eight sub arrays at STC is approximately 76 kWdc and represents a power loss of 62% (from 200 kW to 76 kW) over 26+ years. The 2011 measured power output for the four south sub arrays at STC is 39 kWdc and represents a power loss of 61% (from 100 kW to 39 kW) over 26+ years. Encapsulation browning and non-cell interconnect ribbon breakages were determined to be the primary causes for the power loss. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2012

Purpose: Despite its many health benefits, moderate exercise can induce joint discomfort when done infrequently or too intensely even in individuals with healthy joints. This study was designed to evaluate whether NEM (R) (natural eggshell membrane) would reduce exercise-induced cartilage turnover or alleviate joint pain or stiffness, either directly following exercise or 12 hours post exercise, versus placebo. Patients and methods: Sixty healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either oral NEM 500 mg (n=30) or placebo (n=30) once daily for two consecutive weeks while performing an exercise regimen (50-100 steps per leg) on alternating days. The primary endpoint was any statistically significant reduction in exercise-induced cartilage turnover via the biomarker C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-II collagen (CTX-II) versus placebo, evaluated at 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints were any reductions in either exercise-induced joint pain or stiffness versus placebo, evaluated daily via participant questionnaire. The clinical assessment was performed on the per protocol population. Results: NEM produced a significant absolute treatment effect (TEabs) versus placebo for CTX-II after both 1 week (TEabs - 17.2%, P=0.002) and 2 weeks of exercise (TEabs - 9.9%, P=0.042). Immediate pain was not significantly different; however, rapid treatment responses were observed for immediate stiffness (Day 7) and recovery pain (Day 8) and recovery stiffness (Day 4). No serious adverse events occurred and the treatment was reported to be well tolerated by study participants. Conclusion: NEM rapidly improved recovery from exercise-induced joint pain (Day 8) and stiffness (Day 4) and reduced discomfort immediately following exercise (stiffness, Day 7). Moreover, a substantial chondroprotective effect was demonstrated via a decrease in the cartilage degradation biomarker CTX-II.