Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica.pdf: 1060153 bytes, checksum: f96dc99a3a3b3f62efb2fa8880dc28d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Background: The understanding of malaria disease has greatly improved in the last few years. Despite decades of research against the disease, it continues to be a major public health problem. The genetic component of malaria susceptibility is complex and evaluating these determinants of susceptibility and deciphering the mechanisms involved may lead to the discovery of new vaccines or targets for pharmacological agents. Main. Molecular characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and hemoglobin profile in patients with vivax malaria from Manaus-AM. Methods. For molecular characterization of G6PD were performed RFLP-PCR technique and qRT-PCR in 162 patients. Hemoglobin profile was determined by Highperformance liquid chromatography in 178 patients. Results. The hemoglobin profle showed 106 AA (92.7%), 09 AS (5.05%) e 04 AC (2.25%). These results demonstrated a lower frequency of severe malaria in AC (25%). Our results demonstrated the presence of nine (09) AS and four (04) AC, totaling 7.30% of the patients. Our results showed a lower frequency of severe malaria in AC group. This correlation among hemoglobin genotypes showed significant correlation between AA and AC (Neutrophils (p = 0.019), Band neutrophils (p = 0.049), Eosinophils (p = 0.046), Mean Cell Volume (p=0.004), Mean Cell Hemoglobin (p =0.008), there was no correlation between AA and the AS. The RDW was our only correlation between AA v/s AS (p=0.039) and AA v/s AC (p=0.019). The parasitaemia fever was the most frequent event in our study patients, occurring at 92.30% (12/13) of patients with AS/AC. The parasite density was lower in patients with AS (9352.35 ± 11622.78) and AC (11604.80 ± 11931.85) when compared with AA genotype (32431.57 ± 88719.63), but without statistical significance (p = 0.854). Of male presented 15.85% (13/82) for A− and 6.10% (05/82) Chatham variants, while 11.25% (09/80) of female presented A− in heterozygous and 1.25% (1/80) in homozygous. Male with G6PD A− demonstrated a higher frequency of severe malaria (OR=2.01, p=0.020) and strongly associated with previous malaria episodes (OR=2.35, p=0.004). When compared with G6PD wild type, male patients A− presented high platelet (p=0.009), lactate dehydrogenase (p<0.001) and direct bilirubin (p=0.045), while decreased in Gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (p=0.035). Both gender presented decreased of erythrocytes (p=0.002) (p=0.015), hemoglobin (p=0.017) (p=0.031) and hematocrit (p=0.013) (p=0.020), male and female, respectively. We observed decreased hemoglobin (p=0.018), hematocrit (p=0.014), platelets (p=0.003), reticulocyte count (p<0.001) and glucose level (p=0.031) among male patients in severe malaria with G6PD A− compared to severe malaria patients with wild type allele. Conclusion. These results reveal important roles for malaria s hemoglobin genotypes clinical patients outcomes, and studies are warranted to determine their involvement in severe malaria as well as it possible mechanism of action. In summary, few G6PD mutations studies were performed from Amazonian communities. Additional G6PD deficiency surveys in both these areas of high P. vivax endemicity would be valuable, particularly focused in areas of high population density. / Introdução. A compreensão da doença malária tem aumentado muito nos últimos anos. Apesar de décadas de pesquisa contra a doença, esta continua a ser um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Um dos desafios na luta contra esta doença é avaliar suscetibilidade genética e decifrar os mecanismos envolvidos para utilizá-los como novos alvos contra a malária. Objetivo. Caracterizar molecularmente a Desidrogenase da Glicose 6-Fosfato (G6PD) e determinar o perfil de hemoglobinas em pacientes com Malária vivax de Manaus-AM. Metodologia. A caracterização molecular da G6PD foi realizada pelas técnicas de RFLP-PCR e q-RT-PCR em 162 pacientes. O perfil de hemoglobinas por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC) em 178 pacientes. Os achados clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos foram associados com as hemoglobinas variantes e as mutações para a G6PD na tentativa de identificar possíveis biomarcadores de gravidade clínica da malária vivax. Resultados. O perfil de hemoglobina apresentou 106 AA (92,7%), 09 AS (5.05%) e 04 AC (2.25%). Malária grave acometeu 25% em AC e 44.4% em AS. Diminuição significativa dos valores de Neutrófilos (p=0,019); VCM (p=0,004) e HCM (p=0,008) e aumento de Bastonetes (p=0,049) e Eosinófilos (p=0,046), ocorreram apenas nos pacientes AC. RDW apresentou elevado em ambos, AS (p=0,039) e AC (p=0,019) quando comparados AA. A parasitemia febril foi o evento clínico mais freqüente 92,30% nos pacientes AS/AC. A densidade parasitária foi menor nos AS (9.352,4±11.622,8) e AC (11.604,8±11.931,9 ), quando comparado com AA (32.431,6 ± 88.719,6), porém, sem significância estatística (p=0,854). O estudo molecular para G6PD demonstrou 15,85% (13/82) para as mutações 202A/376G (A-) concomitantemente nos homens e pela primeira vez descrita na Região Amazônica, a mutação 1003A (Chatham) em 6,10% (05/82), enquanto nas mulheres 11,25% (09/80) heterozigostas e 1,25% (1/80) homozigostas para a A-. Homens A- demonstraram associação significativa para malária grave (RR=2,01, p=0,020) e episódios anteriores de malária (RR=2,35, p=0,004), aumento de plaquetas (p=0,009), lactato desidrogenase (p<0,001) e bilirrubina direta (p=0,045) e diminuição da gama-glutamil transferase (p=0,035). Ambos os gêneros, homens e mulheres, apresentaram diminuição das hemácias (p=0,002) (p=0,015), hemoglobina (p=0,017) (p=0,031) e hematócrito (p=0,013) (p=0,020), respectivamente. Foi demonstrado decréscimos significativos para hemoglobina (p=0,018), hematócrito (p=0,014), plaquetas (p=0,003), reticulócitos (p<0,001) e glicose (p=0,031) entre homens A- com malária grave quando comparado com homnes normais para G6PD com malária grave. Conclusão. Acreditamos que com o aumento do número de participantes para o estudo do perfil de hemoglobina, conseguiremos aprofundar o conhecimento de como os seres humanos se adaptaram a esta terrível doença, enfatizando algumas hipóteses importantes para fornecer caminhos que levem a uma solução duradoura e até permanente para a Malária. Além disso, poucos estudos das mutações para G6PD foram realizados em comunidades amazônicas. Outras pesquisas sobre a deficiência de G6PD em áreas de alta endemicidade para P. vivax seria valioso, especialmente focado em áreas de alta densidade populacional.

Biotic stress in the form of viral infection, as well as abiotic salt stress, cause leaves injuries, stomata closure and decreased rate of photosynthesis. These factors lead to the limitation of plant growth and to reduced amount of coenzyme NADPH. However NADPH is an important coenzyme for many metabolic pathways such as synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids and secondary metabolites involved in stress responses. NADPH is also a coenzyme for key enzymes of antioxidant system and for many regulatory enzymes. NADP-dependent enzymes are alternative source of NADPH in plants under stress conditions. In this work, activities of four NADP-dependent enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH, EC 1.1.1.42), NADP-malic enzyme (decarboxylating) (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) and Shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25) were studied. Activities of all these enzymes but SDH increased in leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) infected by PVYNTN , The most sensitive enzymes to viral infection were NADP-ICDH and NADP-ME, whose activity was increased in comparison with control plants 3-fold and 2,4-fold, respectively. Changes in activity of studied enzymes were also determined in plants exposed to viral infection in combination with heat-shock...