Glass‐ionomer cements (GICs) are acid base reaction cements used in dentistry for restorative applications. In conventional GICs aluminosilicate glass is used to react with a polyalkenoic acid such as poly acrylic acid. Glass–ionomer cements have the potential to be used for bone cement applications, however there is a concern over the neurotoxicity of aluminium in the glass component of these cements. In this work zinc containing phosphate glass based glass–ionomer cement has been developed for the bone cement application. In this relation structure of zinc containing phosphate glasses in the system Na2O:CaO:ZnO:P2O5 ranging from metaphosphate compositions to invert phosphate compositions has been examined. Various advanced techniques in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) such as dipolar recoupling and solid state NMR of low  quadrupolar nuclei (67Zn and 43Ca) and neutron diffraction have been employed. Special emphasis has been focused on structural role of zinc in glasses of different composition and the effect of different cations on coordination of zinc along with the effect on phosphate tetrahedra. 67Zn and 43Ca solid state NMR spectra of selected glass samples have been successfully acquired at ultrahigh field 900 MHz using Solid Echo pulse sequence. In addition solid state NMR spectra of two polymorphs of crystalline Zn(PO3)2 have also been acquired at 850 MHz using DFS– WURST–QCPMG pulse sequence in order to distinguish between the magnitude and orientation of electric field gradient (EFG) of zinc in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. Structure determined through various techniques has been related to the dissolution behaviour of glass compositions from metaphosphate to invert phosphate. A decrease in pH of surrounding medium has been observed due to the presence of zinc. Insertion of ZnO4 tetrahedra between PO4 tetrahedra has been observed in invert phosphate glasses with high zinc oxide content which renders them suitable for glass– ionomer cements. Glass–ionomer cement from glass composition 10Na2O:50ZnO:10CaO:30P2O5 and hydroxyapatite and, acrylic acid and vinyl phosphonic acid co‐polymer has been produced successfully.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial (µm) e microdureza Vickers (VH) de materiais restauradores temporários: cimento Biodentine™ (M1) e o cimento de ionômero de vidro - Fuji IX (M2) submetidos a diferentes enxaguatórios bucais. Foram confeccionados 54 corpos de prova (cps) por meio de uma matriz de teflon (6mm x 2mm), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos de acordo com a solução utilizada: água destilada (S1), enxaguatório com álcool - Listerine Cool Mint (S2) e enxaguatório sem álcool - Colgate Plax (S3). Todos os cps foram mantidos em umidade relativa de 100%, em estufa 37±1°C durante todo o experimento, exceto nos períodos de imersão nos enxaguatórios estabelecidos. Os cps foram colocados individualmente em um frasco contendo 8mL do enxaguatório específico para cada grupo, durante 2 minutos, sob vibração, duas vezes ao dia, por um período de 21 dias. As leituras foram realizdas por meio do microdurômetro e rugosímetro nos tempos de 48 horas (T0), 7 dias (T1), 14 dias (T2) e 21 dias (T3). Os dados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas e submetidos aos testes estatísticos de normalidade, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anova e Teste de Tukey por meio do Programa Estatístico Assistat Versão 7.7 beta (2016). Resultados: Verificou-se que os fatores Tempo (T), Solução (S) e Material (M) isoladamente e a interação TxM e SxM tiveram efeito estatisticamente significante na rugosidade superficial. Isoladamente, T3 (0,92±0,02) e M1 (0,87±0,01) apresentaram maior média de rugosidade e S3 (0,72±0,02) a menor média de rugosidade. Nas interações MxT e SXM, respectivamente o M1T3 (1,10±0,03) e M1S1 (1,03±0,03) apresentaram maiores médias de rugosidade. Para a microdureza o fator Material isoladamente, e a interação TxS, TxM e SxM tiveram efeito estatisticamente significante. O M1 (61,2±0,87) apresentou maior microdureza, que M2 (54,4±0,87). Para a interação TxS, a condição S2T2 (54,09±2,61) apresentou menor média de microdureza. Para a interação TxM, o M1 comparado com M2 determinou maior microdureza nos tempos T0, T1 e T2. E para a interação SxM, M1S1 (61,59±1,51) e M1S2 (62,86±1,51) apresentaram maior microdureza que M2S1 (51,53±1,51) e M2S2 (54,34±1,51). De acordo com a metodologia pode-se concluir que: a) o M1 apresentou maior rugosidade superficial nos tempos T1, T2 e T3 e maior microdureza nos tempos T0, T1, e T2 do que o M2 b) O material M1 apresentou maior microdureza independente das soluções. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness (µm) and Vickers microhardness of provisory restorative materials: BiodentineTM (M1) and Fuji IX - glass ionomer cement (M2) were submitted to different mouthwashes. Fifty-four specimens were prepared using a Teflon mold (6mm x 2mm), randomly distributed into 6 groups according to the solution used: distilled water (S1), mouthwash containing alcohol -Listerine Cool Mint (S2) and alcohol-free mouthwash - Colgate Plax (S3). During the experiment, all specimens were carried out at a relative humidity of 100% in an oven at 37±1°C, except in the soaking periods in the established mouthwashes. The samples were individually placed in a flask containing 8mL of the specific mouthwash for each group for 1 minute, under vibration twice a day for a period of 21 days. The readings of the variables were carried out at the time of 48 hours (T0), 7 days (T1), 14 days (T2) and 21 days (T3). The obtained data were grouped in tables and submitted to the Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anova and Tukey\'s Test provided by the Statistical software Assistat Program Version 7.7 beta (2016). Results: It was found that there was a significant effect on surface roughness when considered alone Time (T), Solution (S), Material (M) and the interaction between TxM and SxM. On the other hand, T3 (0.92±0.02) and M1 (0.87±0.01) presented the higher roughness and S3 (0.72±0.02) the lowest average roughness. For the interactions MxT and SxM, M1T3 (1,10±0,03) and M1S1 (1,03±0,03) presented higher roughness averages. To microhardness analysis, the material as a alone factor and the interaction TxS, TxM and SxM had a statistically significant effect. M1 (61.2±0.87) presented a higher microhardness than the M2 (54.4±0.87). For the TxS interaction, S2T2 (54.09 ± 2.61) had a lower microhardness average. To TxM interaction, the M1 compared to M2 determined a higher microhardness at T0, T1 and T2. In interaction SxM, M1S1 (61.59±1.51) and M1S2 (62.8 ±1.51) had a higher microhardness than M2S1 (51.53±1.51) and M2S2 (54.3 ±1,51). According to the methodology, it can be concluded that: a) M1 presented greater surface roughnes at T1, T2 and T3 and higher microhardness at T0, T1, and T2 than M2 b) M1 presented a higher microhardness than M2 for S1 and S2.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial (µm) e microdureza Vickers (VH) de materiais restauradores temporários: cimento Biodentine™ (M1) e o cimento de ionômero de vidro - Fuji IX (M2) submetidos a diferentes enxaguatórios bucais. Foram confeccionados 54 corpos de prova (cps) por meio de uma matriz de teflon (6mm x 2mm), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos de acordo com a solução utilizada: água destilada (S1), enxaguatório com álcool - Listerine Cool Mint (S2) e enxaguatório sem álcool - Colgate Plax (S3). Todos os cps foram mantidos em umidade relativa de 100%, em estufa 37±1°C durante todo o experimento, exceto nos períodos de imersão nos enxaguatórios estabelecidos. Os cps foram colocados individualmente em um frasco contendo 8mL do enxaguatório específico para cada grupo, durante 2 minutos, sob vibração, duas vezes ao dia, por um período de 21 dias. As leituras foram realizdas por meio do microdurômetro e rugosímetro nos tempos de 48 horas (T0), 7 dias (T1), 14 dias (T2) e 21 dias (T3). Os dados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas e submetidos aos testes estatísticos de normalidade, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anova e Teste de Tukey por meio do Programa Estatístico Assistat Versão 7.7 beta (2016). Resultados: Verificou-se que os fatores Tempo (T), Solução (S) e Material (M) isoladamente e a interação TxM e SxM tiveram efeito estatisticamente significante na rugosidade superficial. Isoladamente, T3 (0,92±0,02) e M1 (0,87±0,01) apresentaram maior média de rugosidade e S3 (0,72±0,02) a menor média de rugosidade. Nas interações MxT e SXM, respectivamente o M1T3 (1,10±0,03) e M1S1 (1,03±0,03) apresentaram maiores médias de rugosidade. Para a microdureza o fator Material isoladamente, e a interação TxS, TxM e SxM tiveram efeito estatisticamente significante. O M1 (61,2±0,87) apresentou maior microdureza, que M2 (54,4±0,87). Para a interação TxS, a condição S2T2 (54,09±2,61) apresentou menor média de microdureza. Para a interação TxM, o M1 comparado com M2 determinou maior microdureza nos tempos T0, T1 e T2. E para a interação SxM, M1S1 (61,59±1,51) e M1S2 (62,86±1,51) apresentaram maior microdureza que M2S1 (51,53±1,51) e M2S2 (54,34±1,51). De acordo com a metodologia pode-se concluir que: a) o M1 apresentou maior rugosidade superficial nos tempos T1, T2 e T3 e maior microdureza nos tempos T0, T1, e T2 do que o M2 b) O material M1 apresentou maior microdureza independente das soluções. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness (µm) and Vickers microhardness of provisory restorative materials: BiodentineTM (M1) and Fuji IX - glass ionomer cement (M2) were submitted to different mouthwashes. Fifty-four specimens were prepared using a Teflon mold (6mm x 2mm), randomly distributed into 6 groups according to the solution used: distilled water (S1), mouthwash containing alcohol -Listerine Cool Mint (S2) and alcohol-free mouthwash - Colgate Plax (S3). During the experiment, all specimens were carried out at a relative humidity of 100% in an oven at 37±1°C, except in the soaking periods in the established mouthwashes. The samples were individually placed in a flask containing 8mL of the specific mouthwash for each group for 1 minute, under vibration twice a day for a period of 21 days. The readings of the variables were carried out at the time of 48 hours (T0), 7 days (T1), 14 days (T2) and 21 days (T3). The obtained data were grouped in tables and submitted to the Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anova and Tukey\'s Test provided by the Statistical software Assistat Program Version 7.7 beta (2016). Results: It was found that there was a significant effect on surface roughness when considered alone Time (T), Solution (S), Material (M) and the interaction between TxM and SxM. On the other hand, T3 (0.92±0.02) and M1 (0.87±0.01) presented the higher roughness and S3 (0.72±0.02) the lowest average roughness. For the interactions MxT and SxM, M1T3 (1,10±0,03) and M1S1 (1,03±0,03) presented higher roughness averages. To microhardness analysis, the material as a alone factor and the interaction TxS, TxM and SxM had a statistically significant effect. M1 (61.2±0.87) presented a higher microhardness than the M2 (54.4±0.87). For the TxS interaction, S2T2 (54.09 ± 2.61) had a lower microhardness average. To TxM interaction, the M1 compared to M2 determined a higher microhardness at T0, T1 and T2. In interaction SxM, M1S1 (61.59±1.51) and M1S2 (62.8 ±1.51) had a higher microhardness than M2S1 (51.53±1.51) and M2S2 (54.3 ±1,51). According to the methodology, it can be concluded that: a) M1 presented greater surface roughnes at T1, T2 and T3 and higher microhardness at T0, T1, and T2 than M2 b) M1 presented a higher microhardness than M2 for S1 and S2.