OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the association between different adiposity indices, dental development and skeletal maturation in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 115 patients who presented to the orthodontic clinics at Boston University were examined for their height, weight, skeletal maturation, and 10 different adiposity indices. Statistical analysis included chi-square, ANOVA, and multiple ordinal regression models. RESULTS: In the sample (59% female, 41% male) the mean age was 14 years, (SD:2.5), height 160 cm (SD:11.9), weight 61 kg (SD:19.1), and ethnicity was 31% African Americans, 31% Hispanics, 27% Caucasians, and 9% Asians. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed SMI was significantly correlated with (by order of correlation strength) CVMI (P<.01), dental development according to Demirjian (P<.01), root completion (P<.01), eruption (P<.01), fat free mass (FFM) (P<.01), total body water (TBW) (P<.01), body adiposity index (BAI) (P<.01), BMI (P<.01), fat mass (P<.01), right subscapular skinfold (P<.01), BMI percentile (P<.01), fat percentage (P<.01), right triceps skinfold (P<.01), and waist/hip ratio (P<.01). For CVMI, it was significantly correlated in order of strength with SMI (P<.01), BMI % (P<.01), dental development (Demirjian) (P<.01), root completion (P<.01), eruption (P<.01), FFM (P<.01), TBW (P<.01), BAI (P<.01), waist/hip ratio (P<.01), BMI (P<.01), fat mass (P<.01) and right subscapular skinfold (P<.01). However, the Waist/Height ratio was not significantly related with either methods of skeletal assessment. Using the Chisquare test, we found that no adiposity index was statistically significant predictor of any dental outcome (i.e., dental development by Demirjian, root completion and eruption sequence) except for dental development (Demirjian) which was statistically significantly related with the waist/hip ratio. After controlling for other covariates (i.e., age and gender) for skeletal outcomes, all adiposity indices were statistically significant predictors for SMI including BMI percentile, BMI, BAI, fat percentage, fat mass, FFM, TBW, BIA, and waist/height ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with increased adiposity values (i.e., BMI percentile, BMI, BAI, fat percentage, fat mass, FFM, TBW, BIA, and waist/height ratio), had higher probability of being skeletally more mature as measured by SMI. / 2021-08-22T00:00:00Z

No / In an earlier study, stress lines in primate teeth were found to occur on a recurrent basis, probably corresponding to seasonal fluctuations in environmental parameters, such as food availability (Macho et al., J. Hum. Evol. 30 (1996) 57¿70). In the present study this approach was extended to the study of teeth of extant and extinct mammals, with the specific aim to determine the pattern of seasonality at the Australopithecus anamensis-bearing site at Allia Bay, Kenya. It was found that extant and extinct species, who share similar dietary/ecological adaptations, are comparable in their patterns of stress. Typical browsers/mixed feeders were found to exhibit three recurrent disturbances per year, whereas grazers usually only exhibit two. The average spacing between lines is also comparable between extant and extinct species. Hence, while the severity and predictability of the seasons probably fluctuated during crucial periods of hominin evolution, there is little doubt that all hominins lived in a seasonal environment. At Allia Bay, the pattern of stress lines found in mammals suggests that the environmental conditions in which A. anamensis lived may have been comparable to those found in the Masai Mara today.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre agenesia dentária e padrões esqueléticos faciais. A documentação ortodôntica inicial de 347 indivíduos foi avaliada para verificar a presença de agenesia dentária de pelo menos 1 dente permanente (excluindo terceiros molares) por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Três medidas angulares foram avaliadas de cada radiografia cefalométrica (SNA, SNB e ANB). Os participantes do estudo foram agrupados em Classe I, Classe II e Classe III esquelética. Para a análise estatística, os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos, \"com agenesia dentária\" e \"sem agenesia dentária\". O teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para comparar os dados categóricos. O teste ANOVA com Tukey foi utilizado para comparação de médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Vinte e oito indivíduos apresentaram agenesia dentária de pelo menos um dente permanente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os gêneros (p=0,27). O padrão esquelético mais prevalente foi o de Classe I (63,1%), seguido pelo de Classe II esquelética (25,9%) e Classe III esquelética (10,9%). O grupo com agenesia dentária apresentou o ângulo ANB menor (1,66±2,52) do que o grupo sem agenesia dentária (2,86 ±2,49), (p=0,01). Concluindo, os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem que a agenesia dentária está associada a alterações no ângulo ANB. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between tooth agenesis and skeletal facial pattern. Orthodontic records of 347 subjects were examined. The presence of tooth agenesis of at least 1 permanent (excluding third molars) tooth was evaluated in panoramic radiographs. Three angular measurements were taken from each cephalogram. The patients were also divided in skeletal Class I, skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III. For statistical analysis, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, with tooth agenesis and without tooth agenesis. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. ANOVA with Tukeys post-test was used for means comparisons. An alpha of 5% was established. Twenty-eight subjects presented at least one tooth agenesis. There was no difference between genders (p=0.27). The most prevalent skeletal pattern was Class I (63.1%), followed by skeletal Class II (25.9%), and skeletal Class III (10.9%). The group with tooth agenesis presented smaller ANB angle (1.66 ± 2.52) than the group without tooth agenesis (2.86 ± 2.49), (p=0.01). In conclusion, our results suggested that tooth agenesis is associated with ANB angle alterations.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre agenesia dentária e padrões esqueléticos faciais. A documentação ortodôntica inicial de 347 indivíduos foi avaliada para verificar a presença de agenesia dentária de pelo menos 1 dente permanente (excluindo terceiros molares) por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Três medidas angulares foram avaliadas de cada radiografia cefalométrica (SNA, SNB e ANB). Os participantes do estudo foram agrupados em Classe I, Classe II e Classe III esquelética. Para a análise estatística, os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos, \"com agenesia dentária\" e \"sem agenesia dentária\". O teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para comparar os dados categóricos. O teste ANOVA com Tukey foi utilizado para comparação de médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Vinte e oito indivíduos apresentaram agenesia dentária de pelo menos um dente permanente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os gêneros (p=0,27). O padrão esquelético mais prevalente foi o de Classe I (63,1%), seguido pelo de Classe II esquelética (25,9%) e Classe III esquelética (10,9%). O grupo com agenesia dentária apresentou o ângulo ANB menor (1,66±2,52) do que o grupo sem agenesia dentária (2,86 ±2,49), (p=0,01). Concluindo, os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem que a agenesia dentária está associada a alterações no ângulo ANB. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between tooth agenesis and skeletal facial pattern. Orthodontic records of 347 subjects were examined. The presence of tooth agenesis of at least 1 permanent (excluding third molars) tooth was evaluated in panoramic radiographs. Three angular measurements were taken from each cephalogram. The patients were also divided in skeletal Class I, skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III. For statistical analysis, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, with tooth agenesis and without tooth agenesis. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. ANOVA with Tukeys post-test was used for means comparisons. An alpha of 5% was established. Twenty-eight subjects presented at least one tooth agenesis. There was no difference between genders (p=0.27). The most prevalent skeletal pattern was Class I (63.1%), followed by skeletal Class II (25.9%), and skeletal Class III (10.9%). The group with tooth agenesis presented smaller ANB angle (1.66 ± 2.52) than the group without tooth agenesis (2.86 ± 2.49), (p=0.01). In conclusion, our results suggested that tooth agenesis is associated with ANB angle alterations.

No / Dental Enamel Hypoplasia has long been used as a common nonspecific stress indicator in teeth from archaeological samples. Most researchers report relatively minor linear and pitted hypoplastic defects on tooth crown surfaces. In this work we report a high prevalence and early age of onset of extensive enamel defects in deciduous and permanent molars in the subadults from the post-medieval cemetery of Broadgate, east central London. Analysis of the dentition of all 45 subadults from the cemetery, using both macroscopic and microscopic methods, reveals disturbed cusp patterns and pitted, abnormal and arrested enamel formation. Forty-one individuals from this group (93.2%) showed some evidence of enamel hypoplasia, 28 of them showing moderate or extensive lesions of molars, deciduous or permanent (63.6% of the sample). Scanning Electron Microscope images reveal many molars with grossly deformed cuspal architecture, multiple extra cusps and large areas of exposed Tomes' process pits, where the ameloblasts have abruptly ceased matrix production, well before normal completion. This indented, rough and poorly mineralized surface facilitates both bacterial adhesion and tooth wear, and when such teeth erupt fully into the mouth they are likely to wear and decay rapidly. We suggest that this complex combination of pitted and plane-form lesions, combined with disruption of cusp pattern and the formation of multiple small cusps, should henceforth be identified as Cuspal Enamel Hypoplasia.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Background In the Western-Cape province, orthodontic treatment provided to government patients is limited to tertiary hospitals such as the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre (TOHC). This results in growing waiting lists which place a huge strain on resources of the facility. Objectives To determine: 1. The prevalence of malocclusion among 7-to-10-year-old children examined at dental clinics within the Tygerberg sub-district. 2. The types of malocclusion they present with. 3. Which of these malocclusions can be treated with interceptive orthodontic treatment. Methods An analytical, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out and quantitative methods were used to achieve the aim and objectives. The study sample consisted of 100 children, 46 male and 54 female, from Bellville and Bishop Lavis dental clinics. Dental examinations were done by one examiner on children between the ages of 7 and 10 years. Dental problems were identified which, if left untreated, could result in the need for more complex orthodontic treatment at a later stage. All the necessary ethical clearance was obtained. Results The results showed that there is a very large interceptive orthodontic treatment need (79%) at these clinics. A large proportion (70%) presented with detrimental habits. Thumbsucking was more prevalent among girls than boys. Other problems like mouthbreathing, lip wedging, deep bite, asymmetrical mobility of primary teeth, rotated lateral incisors and crossbites were found. The biggest concern was that 71% of the children had early loss of primary teeth and only 5% of children received restorations, resulting in a high prevalence of unfavourable molar relationships. All of these should be addressed early, thereby preventing the development of complex orthodontic problems or skeletal discrepancies. iv Conclusion Interceptive and preventive orthodontic treatment should be regarded as a primary health centre service, as it may reduce the need for costly fixed orthodontic treatment. The study showed that urgent intervention is necessary from the Department of Health to address this issue.

Ao entender o desenvolvimento do folículo dental, conhecemos a normalidade, diagnosticamos possíveis alterações, e realizamos o tratamento adequado. Os objetivos foram avaliar: o tamanho e comportamento da imagem radiográfica do folículo do germe de incisivos centrais superiores permanentes e estimar os valores máximos da distância e da área para cada idade; a associação entre trauma nos incisivos centrais superiores decíduos e expansão do folículo dos sucessores permanentes; os fatores associados à expansão do folículo do germe do sucessor permanente após traumatismo nos incisivos decíduos; o uso do tamanho desta imagem como recurso auxiliar no diagnóstico de trauma em incisivos decíduos. As medidas do folículo dos incisivos permanentes, distância e área, foram realizadas em radiografias de 192 dentes de crianças (36 a 85 meses), que apresentaram os incisivos decíduos sem alterações e história de trauma dental (grupo ST), e de 236 dentes de crianças (36 a 84 meses) com história de trauma dental (grupo CT). No grupo CT, tiveram crianças com mais de uma radiografia analisada por dente, totalizando 332 radiografias. Foram realizadas Análise de Multinível (dente e criança) para o grupo ST e Análise de Poisson de Multinível (radiografia, dente e criança) para ambos os grupos. No grupo ST, observamos que a distância diminuiu significantemente no estágio de Nolla 5 e na faixa etária de 48 a 59 meses, aumentando quando a reabsorção do decíduo é maior que 2/3 e entre 72 a 85 meses. A área aumenta significantemente nos estágios de Nolla 6.5 e 7, quando a reabsorção do decíduo é maior que 2/3 e entre 72 a 85 meses, e é menor entre 36 a 59 meses. Foram estimados os limites superiores para a distância e área para cada mês de idade e, a partir destes, os dentes dos grupos ST e CT foram classificados em sem e com expansão do folículo, utilizando dados da distância, da área e da combinação de ambos. Quando utilizada a distância, a prevalência de expansão no grupo CT foi 1,75 vezes maior do que no grupo ST; quando utilizada a área, foi 1,97 vezes maior e, quando utilizada a combinação, foi 1,71 vezes maior. Quando utilizada a distância e a combinação no grupo CT, a idade na radiografia entre 48 a 59 meses e a luxação intrusiva foram associadas positivamente à expansão do folículo dental. As sensibilidades foram baixas e as especificidades foram altas quando utilizados como testes de diagnóstico de trauma dental. Concluímos que o tamanho da imagem radiográfica do folículo dos incisivos permanentes está relacionado com os diferentes estágios de Nolla e reabsorção radicular dos decíduos, e que o comportamento do folículo dental pode ser descrito pelas medidas da distância e área, sendo diferente em cada idade. Podemos estimar os valores máximos do tamanho do folículo dental para cada mês de idade através das equações propostas. A presença de trauma no dente decíduo está associada positivamente à expansão do folículo do germe sucessor permanente. O tamanho da expansão do folículo pode ser utilizado como diagnóstico auxiliar de trauma dental. / Proper diagnosis and treatment of developmental alterations that occur in the dental follicle rely on the knowledge of its normal characteristics. We proposed to evaluate: the size and behavior of the radiographic image of permanent upper central incisors germs follicle and estimate thresholds for follicles area and distance at different ages; the association between trauma in the primary upper central incisors and the expansion of the follicle of the permanent successors; the factors associated with dental follicle expansion after traumatism in the primary incisors; the validity of using the size of the follicle as a diagnostic aid for dental traumatism. Measurements of the follicle of permanent incisors were conducted using radiographs of 192 teeth from children (36-85 months old), with no clinical signs or history of dental trauma (NT group) and of 236 teeth of children (36-84 months old) with history of dental trauma (T group). In the T group, 332 radiographs were analyzed because the tooth could have more than one radiograph. Multilevel analysis was conducted (teeth and children) for the NT group and Poisson Multilevel analysis was done (radiograph, tooth, child) for both groups. For the NT group, the distance decreased significantly when the permanent tooth reached Nolla stage 5 and in children aged 48 to 59 months. The distance increased significantly when there was more than 2/3rds of root resorption in primary tooth and in children aged 72 to 85 months. The area increased significantly in Nolla stages 6.5 and 7, when the primary tooth had over 2/3rds of root resorption and between the ages of 72 and 85 months, and it decreased between 36 and 59 months. The thresholds for distance and area were estimated using age in months, and these limits were used to classify teeth from NT and T groups into with or without dental follicle expansion, using values of distance, area and a combination of both. The sensibility was low and specificity was high when used as a diagnostic tool for dental trauma. The prevalence of dental follicle expansion in the T group was 1.75 times greater than in the NT group when the distance was used, it was 1,97 times greater when the area was used, and it was 1.71 times greater when the combination was used. When used the distance and the combination, in the T group, the age 48 to 59 months and intrusive luxation were positively associated to the dental follicle expansion. In conclusion, the size of the radiographic image of the follicles of the permanent incisors is related to different Nolla stages and to the degree of root resorption of primary teeth. The behavior of the dental follicle may be described by its measurements of distance and area and it varies according to age. It is possible to estimate the thresholds for the dental follicles size at all ages through the use of the equations hereby proposed. The presence of trauma in primary teeth is positively associated with the expansion of the follicle of the permanent successor. The size of the dental follicle expansion may be used as a diagnostic aid tool for dental trauma.

Ao entender o desenvolvimento do folículo dental, conhecemos a normalidade, diagnosticamos possíveis alterações, e realizamos o tratamento adequado. Os objetivos foram avaliar: o tamanho e comportamento da imagem radiográfica do folículo do germe de incisivos centrais superiores permanentes e estimar os valores máximos da distância e da área para cada idade; a associação entre trauma nos incisivos centrais superiores decíduos e expansão do folículo dos sucessores permanentes; os fatores associados à expansão do folículo do germe do sucessor permanente após traumatismo nos incisivos decíduos; o uso do tamanho desta imagem como recurso auxiliar no diagnóstico de trauma em incisivos decíduos. As medidas do folículo dos incisivos permanentes, distância e área, foram realizadas em radiografias de 192 dentes de crianças (36 a 85 meses), que apresentaram os incisivos decíduos sem alterações e história de trauma dental (grupo ST), e de 236 dentes de crianças (36 a 84 meses) com história de trauma dental (grupo CT). No grupo CT, tiveram crianças com mais de uma radiografia analisada por dente, totalizando 332 radiografias. Foram realizadas Análise de Multinível (dente e criança) para o grupo ST e Análise de Poisson de Multinível (radiografia, dente e criança) para ambos os grupos. No grupo ST, observamos que a distância diminuiu significantemente no estágio de Nolla 5 e na faixa etária de 48 a 59 meses, aumentando quando a reabsorção do decíduo é maior que 2/3 e entre 72 a 85 meses. A área aumenta significantemente nos estágios de Nolla 6.5 e 7, quando a reabsorção do decíduo é maior que 2/3 e entre 72 a 85 meses, e é menor entre 36 a 59 meses. Foram estimados os limites superiores para a distância e área para cada mês de idade e, a partir destes, os dentes dos grupos ST e CT foram classificados em sem e com expansão do folículo, utilizando dados da distância, da área e da combinação de ambos. Quando utilizada a distância, a prevalência de expansão no grupo CT foi 1,75 vezes maior do que no grupo ST; quando utilizada a área, foi 1,97 vezes maior e, quando utilizada a combinação, foi 1,71 vezes maior. Quando utilizada a distância e a combinação no grupo CT, a idade na radiografia entre 48 a 59 meses e a luxação intrusiva foram associadas positivamente à expansão do folículo dental. As sensibilidades foram baixas e as especificidades foram altas quando utilizados como testes de diagnóstico de trauma dental. Concluímos que o tamanho da imagem radiográfica do folículo dos incisivos permanentes está relacionado com os diferentes estágios de Nolla e reabsorção radicular dos decíduos, e que o comportamento do folículo dental pode ser descrito pelas medidas da distância e área, sendo diferente em cada idade. Podemos estimar os valores máximos do tamanho do folículo dental para cada mês de idade através das equações propostas. A presença de trauma no dente decíduo está associada positivamente à expansão do folículo do germe sucessor permanente. O tamanho da expansão do folículo pode ser utilizado como diagnóstico auxiliar de trauma dental. / Proper diagnosis and treatment of developmental alterations that occur in the dental follicle rely on the knowledge of its normal characteristics. We proposed to evaluate: the size and behavior of the radiographic image of permanent upper central incisors germs follicle and estimate thresholds for follicles area and distance at different ages; the association between trauma in the primary upper central incisors and the expansion of the follicle of the permanent successors; the factors associated with dental follicle expansion after traumatism in the primary incisors; the validity of using the size of the follicle as a diagnostic aid for dental traumatism. Measurements of the follicle of permanent incisors were conducted using radiographs of 192 teeth from children (36-85 months old), with no clinical signs or history of dental trauma (NT group) and of 236 teeth of children (36-84 months old) with history of dental trauma (T group). In the T group, 332 radiographs were analyzed because the tooth could have more than one radiograph. Multilevel analysis was conducted (teeth and children) for the NT group and Poisson Multilevel analysis was done (radiograph, tooth, child) for both groups. For the NT group, the distance decreased significantly when the permanent tooth reached Nolla stage 5 and in children aged 48 to 59 months. The distance increased significantly when there was more than 2/3rds of root resorption in primary tooth and in children aged 72 to 85 months. The area increased significantly in Nolla stages 6.5 and 7, when the primary tooth had over 2/3rds of root resorption and between the ages of 72 and 85 months, and it decreased between 36 and 59 months. The thresholds for distance and area were estimated using age in months, and these limits were used to classify teeth from NT and T groups into with or without dental follicle expansion, using values of distance, area and a combination of both. The sensibility was low and specificity was high when used as a diagnostic tool for dental trauma. The prevalence of dental follicle expansion in the T group was 1.75 times greater than in the NT group when the distance was used, it was 1,97 times greater when the area was used, and it was 1.71 times greater when the combination was used. When used the distance and the combination, in the T group, the age 48 to 59 months and intrusive luxation were positively associated to the dental follicle expansion. In conclusion, the size of the radiographic image of the follicles of the permanent incisors is related to different Nolla stages and to the degree of root resorption of primary teeth. The behavior of the dental follicle may be described by its measurements of distance and area and it varies according to age. It is possible to estimate the thresholds for the dental follicles size at all ages through the use of the equations hereby proposed. The presence of trauma in primary teeth is positively associated with the expansion of the follicle of the permanent successor. The size of the dental follicle expansion may be used as a diagnostic aid tool for dental trauma.