This thesis deals with the issue of mycotoxins, which are important pathogens of many agricultural crops and may pose a high health risk to humans and livestock. It contains an overview of the most important mycotoxins their producers and mycotoxicoses. The main focus of this thesis is the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and the effect of processing it on their content. The experimental part focuses on monitoring the content and the penetration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat from grain to bread. We examined a total of 10 samples of treated and 10 samples of untreated variants of winter wheat. For each sample grain, flour and bread were examined for DON and ZEA content and all tested samples were positive for DON and ZEA. None of the examined samples exceeded or even approached the legislative limits.

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No description available.

This diploma thesis is focused on current problematics of monitoring of selected mycotoxins, DON and ZEA, in feeds in Czech Republic. The objective of my thesis was to elaborate a literature search from available books, electronic and periodical sources and service materials. Literature search is aimed at overall overview of mycotoxins, describes their characteristics, biological effects, methods of detection as well as summarizes recent legislation requirements concerning occurrence of these substances in feeds for animals. The aim of experimental part was a determination of selected mycotoxins in feed (DON and ZEA) by ELISA method and their evaluation according to the maximum limits. The diploma thesis was prepared in diagnostic laboratory SEVARON, s. r. o. in Brno.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Hohenheim, 2000.

This project investigated the use of new near infrared transmittance (NIT) technology for individual kernel sorting to reduce Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and mycotoxins in grain. There were two objectives: 1) determine the efficiency of sorting; and 2) assess how highly contaminated sorted grain fractions can be used in dietary challenges for broilers as a screen for methods to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Fusarium damaged kernels are associated with lower crude protein (CP) caused by fungal infestation during kernel development, and may contain varying concentrations of mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol; DON). The BoMill TriQ measures the NIT of limited spectra to predict CP variation among individual kernels at ~2 - 3 MT/hour. Five sources of downgraded grain attained from grain producers in Western Canada in 2013 were sorted into ten calibration fractions, each analyzed for CP, FDK and 16 common mycotoxins. From these analyses, three wheat sources were individually sorted into three test fractions: outliers (10%); high FDK (low CP; 20% of source); and low FDK (high CP; 70% of source). Four diet recombinations were produced based on increasing inclusion of the high % FDK fraction [0% (M0), 20% (M20), 40% (M40) or 60% (M60)] of each wheat source, providing increasing mycotoxin concentrations in the test diets. Productions of these diets from re-combining the FDK fractions enabled a 3 wheat source x 4 FDK level (M0, M20, M40, M60) factorial design. The 12 test diets were included at 70 (starter, 0 - 21 d) and 75% (grow/finisher, 21 - 35 d) of a basal diet. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1994) requirements for broilers. Eight cages of five, one-day old male Ross 308 broilers were each randomly assigned to the 12 starter diets. The number of cages were reduced to three per diet at 21 d. Broiler performance were recorded for the 0 - 21 and 21 - 35 d. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME; kcal ME/kg diet) and nitrogen retention (NR; %) were determined using digestible markers and excreta collections. Five biomarkers of immune function were measured for starter and grower/finisher periods: 1) cell-mediated immune response to injection of the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA); 2) humoral response to immunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen; 3) relative weights of liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius; 4) heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio; and 5) histopathology of primary and secondary immune organs. Analysis of sorting efficiency of this technology indicated that grain could be separated into 10% increments based on unique spectral ranges and their correlation to the chemical characteristics of CP. Indications were that the lowest 20% CP kernels contained increased FDK (15.4%) and DON (10.2 ppm) compared to the unsorted kernels (2.4% and 1.7 ppm). The statistical correlations between FDK, DON and CP provided the capability to produce high and low mycotoxin fractions for use in the poultry feeding trial. Analysis of growth and performance endpoints of each exposure period indicated no significant difference (P > 0.05), however AME and NR were different (P < 0.01) among treatment groups at 21 and 35 d. Analysis of immune system endpoints indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatment groups in cell-mediated (PHA; 0.32 - 0.35 % change), humoral (BSA; 0.57 - 0.64 % change) or H:L ratio (0.03 - 0.13 % change) immune responses. However, histopathological examination of the spleen (P < 0.05) at 21 d and the liver (P < 0.01) at 35 d showed increases in lymphoid aggregates and/or granulopoisis in the diet containing 8 ppm DON suggesting potential adverse effects on the immune system. Overall, the results of these studies indicate that the NIT technology has the potential to produce naturally contaminated diets with various levels of mycotoxins from a single source of grain. These naturally contaminated diets may improve our ability to evaluate models to examine the effects of mycotoxin exposures to poultry or livestock.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2007--Giessen.

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2007

There is growing interest in malting and brewing with rye. However, previous research has shown a propensity for the development of deoxynivalenol (DON) in rye malts, even when levels on the grain is low. The main objective of this study was to assess the growth of F. graminearum and development of trichothecenes during malting of rye. Infected samples were obtained from 2016 variety trails in Minnesota. While DON levels were generally below 0.2 mg/kg, an average increase of 41 % was seen after malting. The most significant increases in DON were at three days of germination. Fusarium Tri5 DNA levels were observed to increase at two days. When single kernels were tested, most were free from DON. Levels in the bulk grain sample were due to a small number of highly contaminated kernels. In the malted samples, a greater portion of kernels contained DON, and overall levels were much higher.

Mycotoxins which are associated with Fusarium spp. and disease caused by this genus, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), on grains represents a global issue for food and feed security. In order to determinate if the BoMill IQ is capable to recognize the content of mycotoxin in grains of barley, we were testing three different varieties fromm five firms, in two repetitions. This technology uses Near Infrared Transmittance (NIT) to distinguish kernels containing mycotoxins form healthy based on individual kernel protein content. Correlations between content of proteins and tested mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) were observed. We have found strong negative correlations between both mycotoxins and content of proteins, but there was a strong positive correlation between deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Results showed that this technology can be used to determinate content of mycotoxins in individual kernels and to sort the grains in different fractions which differ in content of mycotoxins.