A obstrução de natureza física é ocasionada por partículas sólidas presentes em suspensão na água de irrigação e tem sido apontada como a mais comum entre os tipos de obstrução. A suscetibilidade dos gotejadores a problemas de obstrução é influenciada pela qualidade da água e por características geométricas do canal de escoamento do gotejador. Normalmente locais com baixa velocidade de escoamento, como as regiões de estagnação de fluxo e o centro de vórtices, proporcionam baixa capacidade de sustentação das partículas, o que favorece a sedimentação e acúmulo de sedimentos no canal, favorecendo a obstrução do emissor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características geométricas de gotejadores e as características de escoamento no labirinto com seu desempenho hidráulico e a dinâmica da obstrução causada por partículas sólidas, a fim de adquirir fundamentos para suporte ao aprimoramento de geometrias de labirintos de emissores. Para isso foram projetados, desenvolvidos e avaliados dois grupos de protótipos de labirintos com características construtivas que conduzem a condições de escoamento distintas. No primeiro grupo os labirintos apresentaram escoamento uniforme (EU) apresentando geometria e características de escoamento que minimizam zonas de vórtice, comparando canais com diferentes seções de escoamento e ângulos de defletores. No segundo, os labirintos foram desenvolvidos para favorecer a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos (EV) por meio de alterações na altura dos defletores e na largura do canal. Alterações nos parâmetros construtivos dos labirintos resultaram em variações significativas na magnitude da perda de carga e no expoente de fluxo dos labirintos. Os emissores com características geométricas que favoreceram a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos apresentaram maior potencial de perda de carga e menores expoente de fluxo comparado aos emissores que permitem escoamento com características mais uniformes no canal. Em relação ao desempenho antiobstrução observou-se que a seção do canal foi um fator limitante, sendo que para ambas as etapas, emissores com largura de canal inferior a 0,8 mm, foram obstruídos rapidamente por partículas relativamente grandes. Por outro lado, os emissores com largura de canal igual ou superior a 1,0 mm não foram sensíveis à obstrução. Os resultados indicaram que a adoção dos vórtices bem desenvolvidos nos labirintos é benéfica do ponto de vista de desempenho hidráulico e antiobstrução pois permite a construção de labirintos com canais mais largos e mais curtos, além de não favorecerem a sedimentação de partículas ao longo do canal nas condições estudadas. / Clogging of physical nature is caused by solid particles present in suspension in irrigation water and has been pointed out as the most common type of clogging. The susceptibility of the drippers to clogging problems is influenced by the water quality and geometric characteristics of the drip channel of the dripper. Usually low flow velocity sites, such as the regions of flow stagnation and the center of vortices, provide low particle support capacity, which favors sedimentation and sediment accumulation in the channel, favoring the emitter clogging. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between geometrical characteristics of drip and flow characteristics in the labyrinth with its hydraulic performance and dynamics of the clogging caused by solid particles in order to acquire fundamentals to support the enhancement of emitters labyrinth geometries. For this, two groups of labyrinth prototypes with constructive characteristics were designed, developed and evaluated that lead to different flow conditions. In the first group the labyrinths presented uniform flow (EU) presenting geometry and flow characteristics that minimize vortex zones, comparing channels with different flow sections and deflector angles. In the second the labyrinths were developed to favor the formation of well developed vortices (EV) by means of changes in the height of the baffles and the width of the channel. Changes in the constructive parameters of the labyrinths resulted in significant variations in the magnitude of the head loss and the exponent of flow of the labyrinths. The emitters with geometric characteristics that favored the formation of well developed vortices presented greater potential of head loss and smaller exponent of flow compared to the emitters that allow flow with more uniform characteristics in the channel. Regarding the anti-clogging performance, it was observed that the section of the channel was a limiting factor, and for both steps, emitters with channel width less than 0.8 mm, were obstructed by relatively large particles. On the other hand, the emitters channel width exceeding 1.0 mm were not sensitive to clogging. The results indicated that the adoption of well developed vortices in the labyrinths is beneficial from the point of view of hydraulic performance and anti-obstruction because it allows the construction of labyrinths with wider and shorter channels, besides not favoring the sedimentation of particles along the channel in the conditions studied.

L’étude engagée dans cette thèse consiste à mettre en place une modélisation numérique fiable et complète du transport et du dépôt des particules dans un écoulement pulmonaire en se basant sur l’utilisation du code de calcul commercial CFD-ACE. Ce code intègre un solveur fluide qui résout les équations de Navier-Stokes incompressibles dans une formulation volumes finis. Le logiciel CFD-GEOM a été utilisé pour créer les surfaces en 3D de la géométrie générique du modèle de Weibel et ainsi générer le maillage non-structuré tétraèdrique en volumes finis. Dans le cadre de ce travail, il est supposé que le flux d’air est laminaire, stationnaire (ou instationnaire uniquement dans les modèles bronchiques) et incompressible ; les particules de diamètre 5μm sont sphériques et sans interaction. Le pourcentage global et local du dépôt des particules dans les poumons peut s’exprimer comme une efficacité de dépôt et se définit par le rapport entre le nombre de particules déposées dans une région donnée et le nombre total de particules admises initialement à l’entrée de la conduite. L’efficacité de dépôt dépend fortement du nombre de Stokes d’entrée, des conditions d’admission en termes de profil de vitesse du fluide (nombre de Reynolds d’entrée), de la distribution et des caractéristiques des particules. Nous avons donc modélisé avec succès les écoulements ainsi que le transport et le dépôt de particules dans des configurations simples (modèles de Weibel) et des configurations réalistes (poumons de rat et du lapin) et ce que l’on en peut dire c’est que la simulation, bien que coûteuse (surtout pour le dépôt des particules), ne présente pas de difficultés insurmontables. Par contre l’obtention d’une géométrie réaliste et la génération du maillage associé reste une étape délicate. / The study undertaken in this thesis is to develop a reliable and comprehensive numerical modeling of transport and deposition of particles in pulmonary flow based on the use of CFDACE computer code. This code includes a fluid solver that solves the Navier-Stokes in a finite volume formulation. The CFD-GEOM software was used to create 3D surfaces of the geometry of the generic model of Weibel and generate the unstructured tetrahedral finite volume mesh. As part of this work, it is assumed that the airflow is laminar, steady (unsteady only in bronchial models) ; the particles of diameter 5μm are spherical and noninteracting. The percentage of global and local particle deposition in the lungs can be expressed as a deposition efficiency and is defined as the ratio between the number of particles deposited in a given area and the total number of particles initially admitted to the entrance of lungs. The deposition efficiency depends strongly on the Stokes number of entry, the airflow fluid velocity profile (Reynolds number at the inlet), the distribution and characteristics of particles. We have successfully modeled the flow, the transport and deposition of particles in simple configurations (models of Weibel), realistic configurations (lungs of rats and rabbits) and we can conclude that the simulation, al though expensive in terms of computer memory & time (especially for particle deposition), does not present insurmountable difficulties. On the other hand, obtaining a realistic geometry and mesh generation main a challenge.