Motivation is an important factor in psychology, and much attention, therefore, has been devoted to the study of drives. Interaction of deprivation (hunger drive) and delay of reinforcement was studied in an operant framework in this experiment.Four male Sprague Dawley rats at approximately 250 days of age served as subjects in this experiment. The rats were exposed to a series of conditions within a counter-balanced design. The four conditions were: (a) 85 percent adjusted body weight with no delay; (b) 85 percent adjusted body weight with a 10 second delay; (a) 75 percent adjusted body weight with no delay; and (d) 75 percent adjusted body weight paired with a 10 second delay of reinforcement.Two major conclusions were made from this study. The independent variables may have individually influenced performance, and interaction between deprivation and a signaled delay also occurred when the two were placed in the same environment. Experimental evidence also suggested that discrimination of the delay was not as accurate at higher levels of deprivation.I would like to thank Gary F. Meunier, PhD., who served as chairman of this thesis committee, for his cooperation and assistance in the completion of this thesis. A special thanks also goes to Jerry Ulman, PhD. and Arno Wittig, PhD., whose advice as committee members was invaluable.

Sexual objectification occurs when women’s participation in the society is represented merely by their bodies and thus women are deemed as mere tools to meet other’s desires (Bartkey, 1990). Sexual objectification happens frequently in women’s daily lives through media portrayals (e.g. Harper, & Tiggemann, 2008; Harrison & Fredrickson, 2003) and interpersonal encounters (e.g. Calogero, 2004; Tiggemann, & Boundy, 2008). Sexual objectification causes many negative outcomes to women. For example, objectified women suffer from negative emotions (e.g., shame and depression; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Quinn, Kallen, & Cathey, 2006), impaired intellectual performances (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998), and decreased well-being and life satisfaction (Breines, Crocker, & Garcia, 2008; Mercurio & Landry, 2008). In the present investigation, I hypothesized that sexual objectification would lead women to feel that their personal growth and development are deprived which triggers an enhanced desire for financial resources as money. Consistent with my predictions, Study One showed that women’s trait self-objectification correlated positively with their materialism orientation. In Study Two, sexual objectification was manipulated by delivering appearance-related comments to female participants; and women’s desire for money was indexed by their donation intention to a student fund. It was found that sexual objectification increased women’s desire for money by decreasing the amount of money that women were willing to donate. In Study Three, a different paradigm was adopted to induce the feeling of objectification, specifically, participants viewed pictures that depicted women in a sexually objectified way. Then participants’ sense of deprivation as well as desire for money was directly measured to test the hypothesized relationship between objectification, deprivation and money desire. The results showed that women who viewed the pictures of objectified women reported stronger money desire and this effect was mediated by the perceived deprivation of personal growth and development. Study Four replicated the findings of Study Three by using a different paradigm (i.e. recalling past experience of being objectified) to induce the feeling of being objectified and thus provided further evidences for the hypothesized effect. Finally, using the same paradigm of objectification as Study Two, Study Five further substantiated the predicted relationship between sexual objectification, perceived deprivation and women’s money desire by showing that framing objectification experiences as beneficial to women’s personal growth and development was sufficient to remove the effect of sexual objectification on women’s desire for money. The five studies consistently demonstrated that sexual objectification induces a feeling of being deprived of personal growth and development in women, which further triggers a strong desire for money in women victims. These findings were discussed in terms of their implications on understanding women’s self-perception, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as well as general mental health and well-being. / published_or_final_version / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The study examined the differential effect of cognitive and affective fraternal relative deprivation (RD) on protest orientation. The subjects were 120 Indian adults comprising 60 professionals and 60 non-professionals. Cantril's (1965) ladder was used to tap cognitive fraternal RD. A list of six emotions gauged affective fraternal RD and the Muller (1972) and Grofman and Muller (1973) measure of potential for collective violence assessed protest orientation. Results show that blacks are perceived to be worse-off, whites better-off and coloureds similar to the ingroup. Professionals experience a greater absence of cognitive fraternal RD than nonprofessionals when the target comparison groups are blacks and coloureds, and greater affective fraternal RD than non-professionals when the target comparison groups are blacks and whites. To examine the effect of cognitive fraternal RD, affective fraternal RD and occupational status on protest orientation, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The model revealed that 35% of the variance was significantly accounted for (p<0.05). The affective component contributed the greater proportion of the variance. The results highlight the importance of differentiating the cognitive from the affective component of fraternal RD. The limitations of the study are considered and directions for future research are offered. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1991.

The relationship between level of deprivation and post-reinforcement pause length was investigated in such a way that the nature of the mathematical function which describes the relation could be determined. Three male, albino rats were tested on fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement at three levels of deprivation, according to the method of adjusted-percentages. Problems with the weight maintenance procedure necessitated changes in the design and may have affected the results. The initial hypothesis, that the function would be of the form Y=bXn, was not supported in any case. A function of the form logY=a+bX was found to best describe the relationship between rats' absolute body weight and the length of the post-reinforcement pause. Conclusions were centered around the need for further research on the effects of long-term deprivation on rats' growth and subsequent reexamination of the relationship under investigation in this thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DX188599. / 2 volumes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1992. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127).

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 109 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-109).

Thesis (diploma of psychology)--University of Queensland, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-51).

It has long been identified that relative deprivation increases prejudice. Guimond and Dambrun (2002) demonstrated that relative gratification, as the opposite of relative deprivation, is also an important variable in predicting intergroup discrimination. Guimond and Dambrun (2002), further suggest that in order to prevent destructive conflicts between groups, such as intergroup discrimination, the goal of equality rather than economic improvements has to be kept in mind. The present paper will report three experiments which aimed to replicate Guimond and Dambrun’s (2002) findings on relative deprivation and relative gratification and which further aimed to test their proposal that equality would reduce prejudice. The results of the three experiments confirmed the predicted effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on intergroup discrimination. However, the results did not confirm that equality reduces prejudice. Methodological and theoretical reasons for these results are provided and discussed in detail.