This study analyzed sex differences in methylphenidate (MPH) sensitization and corresponding changes in glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotprhic factor protein (BDNF) in adolescent male and female rats. After habituation to a locomotor arena, animals were sensitized to MPH (5mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (P) 33–49, tested every second day. On P50, one group of animals were injected with saline and behavior assessed for conditioned hyperactivity. Brain tissue was harvested on P51 and analyzed for GDNF protein. A second group of animals was also sensitized to MPH from P33 to 49, and expression of behavioral sensitization was analyzed on a challenge given at P60, and BDNF protein analyzed at P61. Females demonstrated more robust sensitization to MPH than males, but only females given MPH during sensitization demonstrated conditioned hyperactivity. Interestingly, MPH resulted in a significant increase in striatal and accumbal GDNF with no sex differences revealed. Results of the challenge revealed that females sensitized and challenged with MPH demonstrated increased activity compared to all other groups. Regarding BDNF, only males given MPH demonstrated an increase in dorsal striatum, whereas MPH increased accumbal BDNF with no sex differences revealed. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that behavioral sensitization and the conditioned hyperactivity test were reliable predictors of striatal and accumbal GDNF, whereas sensitization and activity on the challenge were reliable predictors of accumbal BDNF, but had no relationship to striatal BDNF. These data have implications for the role of MPH in addiction and dopamine system plasticity.

A Comparison of Bone Marrow Derived and Adipose Derived Stem Cells in Point of Care Goat Non-Instrumented Posterolateral Intertransverse Spinal Fusion Daria Brigitte Neidre, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, May, 2010 Supervisor: Roger P. Farrar Concentrated bone marrow containing mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in combination with osteoconductive scaffolds has been used in orthopaedics to replace the need for iliac crest bone grafts. Autologous BMSC volume is limited, but adipose tissue represents a large reservoir of stem cells; adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs). To test these cells, a large animal model using goats was selected due to their similarities to humans in loading conditions of the spine, trabecular bone structure of the vertebrae, and their common use in testing orthopaedic therapies as a clinically relevant model. The aim of this study is to characterize cell surface markers of the isolated cells through flow cytometry, compare goat BMSCs and ADSCs using multilineage differentiation into the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, and utilize them in a “Point-of-Care” non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. Both BMSCs and ADSCs were confirmed as stem cells through lack of expression of markers CD34, CD45, CD90, and CD105, which is supported by literature. Both cell types also differentiated into both the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Although we had positive in vitro results, we had limited in vivo results. There were no differences between BMSCs, ADSCs and control implantation in identifiable spinal fusion at 3 or 6 months through radiographs or CT scans. Additionally, there were no differences between groups at 6 months in biomechanical testing, histology and microradiographs. Although our in vivo results were lacking in demonstrating fusion at 6 months, this study is the first of it’s kind to investigate a large animal model comparison of BMSCs and ADSCs in spinal fusion and demonstrated that “Point-of-Care” stem cells derived from either bone marrow or adipose tissue demonstrated the potential for bone formation. The in vivo results suggests that this model can be used for stem cell research in orthopaedics, but further research needs to be performed to determine their use, proper scaffold and potential osteoinductive materials needed for solid fusion results in the in vivo model. / text

Actinomycetes and fungi were successfully isolated from both New Zealand and Malaysian marine invertebrates and classified as facultatively marine based on their ability to grow on both sea water and non-sea water media. Most of the extracts obtained from selected isolates were cytotoxic. A clear preference of the actinomycetes for solid-state fermentation was observed, however, for fungi no significant preference was seen. Three isolates of Streptomyces spp., four Penicillium spp. and two Paecilomyces spp. whose extracts showed good cytotoxicity were selected for further investigation. A small-scale extract obtained from a solid culture of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) showed good cytotoxicity and a new cytotoxic metabolite was isolated from a large-scale extract of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2). This metabolite was characterized as S-methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-3,5-dimethylbenzothioate (5.15) and is only the third compound reported to contain the S-methyl benzothioate group. Two known compounds, montagnetol (5.16) and erythrin (5.18), were isolated from a further large-scale cultivation of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) and is the first reported actinomycete to produce these lichen-related compounds. In addition, two known inactive metabolites (bohemamine (5.1) and bohemamine B (5.2)) were identified from the small-scale extract. Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) was also investigated for the effect of temperature and salinity on growth and cytotoxicity and shown to produce bohemamine only at 20 - 28℃ and 4% sea salt concentration on solid media. This isolate gave a low yield of active metabolite under all conditions. Small-scale extracts of two other Streptomyces spp. yielded three known cytotoxic metabolites. These were thiazostatin B (7.14) from Streptomyces sp. (LA5L4) and chromomycin A2 (7.1), chromomycin A3 (7.2) and chromomycin 02-3D (7.3) from Streptomyces sp. (LA3L1). All four Penicillium spp. produced known metabolites. Penicillium sp. (LY1L5) yielded two known metabolites, cycloaspeptide A (7.4) and α-cyclopiazonic acid (7.5). α-Cyclopiazonic acid (7.5) and three other known metabolites (roquefortine A (7.6), cyclopeptin (7.7) and viridicatin (7.8)) were isolated from Penicillum sp. (KK3T23). Penicillium sp. (KK3T8) produced brefeldin A (7.10), while mycophenolic acid (7.12) and brevianamide A (7.11) were produced by Penicillium sp. (KK4T14b). The effect of salinity on growth and cytotoxicity was investigated for the two Penicillium isolates producing the cytotoxic metabolite, α-cyclopiazonic acid (7.5). Saline conditions were not required for growth but metabolite production differed between the two isolates with respect to salinity. Isolate LY1L5 required saline conditions for α-cyclopiazonic production whereas isolate KK3T23 produced the metabolite under non-saline conditions and in concentrations of sea salt up to 6%. Three known compounds, indole-3-carboxylic acid (7.15), indole-3-carboxylate (7.17) and 5-carboxymellein (7.16) were identified from Paecilomyces sp. (PR5L9). Investigation of a small-scale extract obtained from a solid culture of another Paecilomyces sp. (PR10T2) resulted in the isolation and characterization of a unique structure of a symmetrical cyclic depsipeptide, epi-angolide (NAM 6-1). NAM 6-1 was considered as a new compound based on four homoisomeric configurations (A1, A2, A3 and A4). The value of dereplication procedures with respect to the rapid identification of metabolites and enhancement of in-house metabolite libraries is discussed. Structural elucidation of nine known metabolites (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10 and 7.11) was greatly aided by the in-house dereplication techniques using LC-MS-UV and AntiMarin database. A significant advantage was gained by the use of the CapNMR which enabled NMR characterization of very small quantities of metabolites (<20 µg). Approximately <5 µg of materials were required to perform 1D proton NMR experiments for the dereplication of seven known compounds; bohemamine (5.1), bohemamine B (5.2), thiazostatin B (7.14), indole-3-carboxylate (7.17) and 5-carboxymellein (7.16). Approximately 20 µg of materials were needed to acquire 1D and 2D (HSQC, HMBC and NOE) NMR spectra for structural elucidation of the new metabolite, S-methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-3,5-dimethylbenzothioate (5.15). Some 8 µg of materials were sufficient to perform 1D and 2D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR experiments for complete structural characterization of two known metabolites, montagnetol (5.16) and erythrin (5.18). Approximately 10 µg of materials were needed to acquire 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) experiments for structural elucidation of the new compound, epi-angolide NAM 6-1 (A1, A2, A3 and A4). Rapid identification of known fungal metabolites enabled the in-house HPLC-UV/Rt library to be enhanced by eight metabolites (7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 7.11, 7.17 and 7.16). An HPLC-UV/Rt library for actinomycete metabolites was successfully established with the insertion of eight known metabolites (5.1, 5.2, 5.16, 5.18, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.14).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O Lupus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença crônica auto-imune caracterizada pela alta produção de auto-anticorpos contra antígenos nucleares e pela formação de imunocomplexos que desencadeiam resposta citotóxica. As causas do LES são desconhecidas, porém se têm alguns indícios bem descritos que alterações genéticas, imunológicas e/ou ambientais podem desencadear processos autoimunes que levam ao LES. Esses fatores são, por exemplo, vírus e o mimetismo molecular causado por proteínas virais, ou genéticos que interfiram em rotas de processamento de imunocomplexos, produção de interferon (IFN) e transdução de sinal em linfócitos. Os receptores Toll-Like (TLR) são receptores de padrões moleculares de patógenos e estão envolvidos na produção de IFN, além de ser um elo importante entre a imunidade inata e a adquirida. Os TLR7/8/9 reconhecem ácidos nucléicos e são expressos em células dendríticas e células B, importantes na patogênese do LES. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar a infuência dos polimorfismos genéticos potencialmente funcionais rs179008 no TLR7, rs3764880 no TLR8, rs5743836 e rs352140 no TLR9 em uma amostra de 370 pacientes com LES e em uma amostra de 415 indivíduos saudáveis provenientes do sul do Brasil. O polimorfismo rs5743836 foi genotipado através da técnica de PCR alelo específico BIPASA enquanto que os demais foram genotipados por PCR-RFLP. As freqüências genotípicas e haplotípicas foram comparadas usando o teste de Qui-Quadrado e as freqüências alélicas usando o teste Exato de Fisher. As comparações foram realizadas subdividindo os indivíduos de acordo com a origem étnica e sexo. As freqüências genotípicas e alélicas diferiram para rs179008 (P=0,020 e P=0,003; OR para presença do alelo T: 1,74 CI 95% 1,12-2,70) e rs5743836 (P=0,045 e P=0,017; OR para presença do alelo C: 1,59 CI 95% 0,99-2,57) nas comparações entre mulheres eurodescendentes controles e pacientes. Houve uma tendência na presença do alelo C em pacientes com Anti-Ro/SS-A comparados com pacientes sem Anti-Ro/SS-A (P corrigido = 0,06). As análises com haplótipos ou genótipos combinados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Nossos dados sugerem que os alelos T do rs179008 e o alelo C do rs5743836 estão envolvidos na suscetibilidade/patogênese do LES em mulheres Eurodescedentes do sul do Brasil. / Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic disease characterized by high autoantibody production against nuclear antigens and by immunocomplexes formation that lead to citotoxicity. Causes of SLE are unknown, however there are some factors suggested to trigger autoimmune processes and result in SLE phenotype. These can be environmental, such as virus and molecular mimicry caused by their proteins, or genetic factors mainly related to immunocomplexes processing, interferon (IFN) production and the signal transduction pathway in lymphocytes. Toll-Like receptors (TLR) are pattern-recognition receptors and they are involved in IFN production, besides to be a link between the innate and acquired immune system. TLR7/8/9 recognize nucleic acids and are expressed mainly in dendritic and B cells. Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and rs352140, potencially functional polymorphisms, in 370 SLE patients and 415 healthy blood-donnors from southern Brazil. Rs5743836 polymorphism was genotyped trough allele-specific PCR BIPASA and the rest were genotyped through PCR-RFLP. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared using chi-square and exact fisher test, respectively. OR was calculated and clinical characteristics were evaluated. All comparisons were carried out grouping individuals according ethnicity and gender. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were significantly different for rs179008 (P=0.020 and P=0.003, OR for T allele carriers: 1.74, CI 95% 1.12-2.70) and rs5743836 (P=0.045 and P=0.017, OR for C allele carriers: 1.59, CI 95% 0.99-2.57) comparing European-derived SLE and control women. A trend in Anti-Ro/SS-A presence was observed for rs5743836 C allele carriers (corrected P=0.06). There were no statistical differences when haplotypes and combined genotypes were analyzed. Our data suggest both TLR7 rs179008 T allele and TLR9 rs5743836 C allele involved in SLE susceptibility/pathogenesis in women European-derived.

O Lupus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença crônica auto-imune caracterizada pela alta produção de auto-anticorpos contra antígenos nucleares e pela formação de imunocomplexos que desencadeiam resposta citotóxica. As causas do LES são desconhecidas, porém se têm alguns indícios bem descritos que alterações genéticas, imunológicas e/ou ambientais podem desencadear processos autoimunes que levam ao LES. Esses fatores são, por exemplo, vírus e o mimetismo molecular causado por proteínas virais, ou genéticos que interfiram em rotas de processamento de imunocomplexos, produção de interferon (IFN) e transdução de sinal em linfócitos. Os receptores Toll-Like (TLR) são receptores de padrões moleculares de patógenos e estão envolvidos na produção de IFN, além de ser um elo importante entre a imunidade inata e a adquirida. Os TLR7/8/9 reconhecem ácidos nucléicos e são expressos em células dendríticas e células B, importantes na patogênese do LES. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar a infuência dos polimorfismos genéticos potencialmente funcionais rs179008 no TLR7, rs3764880 no TLR8, rs5743836 e rs352140 no TLR9 em uma amostra de 370 pacientes com LES e em uma amostra de 415 indivíduos saudáveis provenientes do sul do Brasil. O polimorfismo rs5743836 foi genotipado através da técnica de PCR alelo específico BIPASA enquanto que os demais foram genotipados por PCR-RFLP. As freqüências genotípicas e haplotípicas foram comparadas usando o teste de Qui-Quadrado e as freqüências alélicas usando o teste Exato de Fisher. As comparações foram realizadas subdividindo os indivíduos de acordo com a origem étnica e sexo. As freqüências genotípicas e alélicas diferiram para rs179008 (P=0,020 e P=0,003; OR para presença do alelo T: 1,74 CI 95% 1,12-2,70) e rs5743836 (P=0,045 e P=0,017; OR para presença do alelo C: 1,59 CI 95% 0,99-2,57) nas comparações entre mulheres eurodescendentes controles e pacientes. Houve uma tendência na presença do alelo C em pacientes com Anti-Ro/SS-A comparados com pacientes sem Anti-Ro/SS-A (P corrigido = 0,06). As análises com haplótipos ou genótipos combinados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Nossos dados sugerem que os alelos T do rs179008 e o alelo C do rs5743836 estão envolvidos na suscetibilidade/patogênese do LES em mulheres Eurodescedentes do sul do Brasil. / Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic disease characterized by high autoantibody production against nuclear antigens and by immunocomplexes formation that lead to citotoxicity. Causes of SLE are unknown, however there are some factors suggested to trigger autoimmune processes and result in SLE phenotype. These can be environmental, such as virus and molecular mimicry caused by their proteins, or genetic factors mainly related to immunocomplexes processing, interferon (IFN) production and the signal transduction pathway in lymphocytes. Toll-Like receptors (TLR) are pattern-recognition receptors and they are involved in IFN production, besides to be a link between the innate and acquired immune system. TLR7/8/9 recognize nucleic acids and are expressed mainly in dendritic and B cells. Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and rs352140, potencially functional polymorphisms, in 370 SLE patients and 415 healthy blood-donnors from southern Brazil. Rs5743836 polymorphism was genotyped trough allele-specific PCR BIPASA and the rest were genotyped through PCR-RFLP. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared using chi-square and exact fisher test, respectively. OR was calculated and clinical characteristics were evaluated. All comparisons were carried out grouping individuals according ethnicity and gender. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were significantly different for rs179008 (P=0.020 and P=0.003, OR for T allele carriers: 1.74, CI 95% 1.12-2.70) and rs5743836 (P=0.045 and P=0.017, OR for C allele carriers: 1.59, CI 95% 0.99-2.57) comparing European-derived SLE and control women. A trend in Anti-Ro/SS-A presence was observed for rs5743836 C allele carriers (corrected P=0.06). There were no statistical differences when haplotypes and combined genotypes were analyzed. Our data suggest both TLR7 rs179008 T allele and TLR9 rs5743836 C allele involved in SLE susceptibility/pathogenesis in women European-derived.

O Lupus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença crônica auto-imune caracterizada pela alta produção de auto-anticorpos contra antígenos nucleares e pela formação de imunocomplexos que desencadeiam resposta citotóxica. As causas do LES são desconhecidas, porém se têm alguns indícios bem descritos que alterações genéticas, imunológicas e/ou ambientais podem desencadear processos autoimunes que levam ao LES. Esses fatores são, por exemplo, vírus e o mimetismo molecular causado por proteínas virais, ou genéticos que interfiram em rotas de processamento de imunocomplexos, produção de interferon (IFN) e transdução de sinal em linfócitos. Os receptores Toll-Like (TLR) são receptores de padrões moleculares de patógenos e estão envolvidos na produção de IFN, além de ser um elo importante entre a imunidade inata e a adquirida. Os TLR7/8/9 reconhecem ácidos nucléicos e são expressos em células dendríticas e células B, importantes na patogênese do LES. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar a infuência dos polimorfismos genéticos potencialmente funcionais rs179008 no TLR7, rs3764880 no TLR8, rs5743836 e rs352140 no TLR9 em uma amostra de 370 pacientes com LES e em uma amostra de 415 indivíduos saudáveis provenientes do sul do Brasil. O polimorfismo rs5743836 foi genotipado através da técnica de PCR alelo específico BIPASA enquanto que os demais foram genotipados por PCR-RFLP. As freqüências genotípicas e haplotípicas foram comparadas usando o teste de Qui-Quadrado e as freqüências alélicas usando o teste Exato de Fisher. As comparações foram realizadas subdividindo os indivíduos de acordo com a origem étnica e sexo. As freqüências genotípicas e alélicas diferiram para rs179008 (P=0,020 e P=0,003; OR para presença do alelo T: 1,74 CI 95% 1,12-2,70) e rs5743836 (P=0,045 e P=0,017; OR para presença do alelo C: 1,59 CI 95% 0,99-2,57) nas comparações entre mulheres eurodescendentes controles e pacientes. Houve uma tendência na presença do alelo C em pacientes com Anti-Ro/SS-A comparados com pacientes sem Anti-Ro/SS-A (P corrigido = 0,06). As análises com haplótipos ou genótipos combinados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Nossos dados sugerem que os alelos T do rs179008 e o alelo C do rs5743836 estão envolvidos na suscetibilidade/patogênese do LES em mulheres Eurodescedentes do sul do Brasil. / Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic disease characterized by high autoantibody production against nuclear antigens and by immunocomplexes formation that lead to citotoxicity. Causes of SLE are unknown, however there are some factors suggested to trigger autoimmune processes and result in SLE phenotype. These can be environmental, such as virus and molecular mimicry caused by their proteins, or genetic factors mainly related to immunocomplexes processing, interferon (IFN) production and the signal transduction pathway in lymphocytes. Toll-Like receptors (TLR) are pattern-recognition receptors and they are involved in IFN production, besides to be a link between the innate and acquired immune system. TLR7/8/9 recognize nucleic acids and are expressed mainly in dendritic and B cells. Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and rs352140, potencially functional polymorphisms, in 370 SLE patients and 415 healthy blood-donnors from southern Brazil. Rs5743836 polymorphism was genotyped trough allele-specific PCR BIPASA and the rest were genotyped through PCR-RFLP. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared using chi-square and exact fisher test, respectively. OR was calculated and clinical characteristics were evaluated. All comparisons were carried out grouping individuals according ethnicity and gender. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were significantly different for rs179008 (P=0.020 and P=0.003, OR for T allele carriers: 1.74, CI 95% 1.12-2.70) and rs5743836 (P=0.045 and P=0.017, OR for C allele carriers: 1.59, CI 95% 0.99-2.57) comparing European-derived SLE and control women. A trend in Anti-Ro/SS-A presence was observed for rs5743836 C allele carriers (corrected P=0.06). There were no statistical differences when haplotypes and combined genotypes were analyzed. Our data suggest both TLR7 rs179008 T allele and TLR9 rs5743836 C allele involved in SLE susceptibility/pathogenesis in women European-derived.

Construction of Bridgeland stability conditions on a given Calabi-Yau threefold is an important problem and this thesis realizes the rst known examples of such stability conditions. More precisely, we construct a dense family of stability conditions on the derived category of coherent sheaves on a principally polarized abelian threefold X with Picard rank one. In particular, we show that the conjectural construction proposed by Bayer, Macr and Toda gives rise to Bridgeland stability conditions on X. First we reduce the requirement of the Bogomolov-Gieseker type inequalities to a smaller class of tilt stable objects which are essentially minimal objects of the conjectural stability condition hearts for a given smooth projective threefold. Then we use the Fourier-Mukai theory to prove the strong Bogomolov-Gieseker type inequalities for these minimal objects of X. This is done by showing any Fourier-Mukai transform of X gives an equivalence of abelian categories which are double tilts of coherent sheaves.

The human monocyte-derived THP-1 cell line was incubated with 10mM AAPH in Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution at 37°C for up to 24 hours. Protein hydroperoxide formation occurred after an 8 hour lag phase which corresponded to glutathione loss observed in the cells. SDS-Page analysis confirmed protein degradation occurred after 6 hours. Cell viability measured by the MTT reduction assay also dropped after 8 hours. Reduction of intracellular glutathione levels using BSO caused reduction of the lag phase seen in protein hydroperoxide formation. Cell viability of BSO-treated cells was lower than control cells, indicating the initiation of apoptotic events. Flow cytometry analysis showed no difference between BSO-treated and control cells, indicating that GSH levels do not have an effect on the type of cell death observed in AAPH-induced oxidative damage on THP-1 cells. These results confirmed previous data in the lab suggesting THP-1 cells undergo AAPH-induced necrosis as a result of cellular damage, including the loss of GSH and the formation of protein hydroperoxides.

No description available.