Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 69-73. Also available online.

Mechanisms of sill and dyke intrusion require an understanding of fracture growth,stress distributions and intensities, dilation,intrusion rates, hydraulic pressure,host-rock effects,en echelon fracture arrays,and flow direction. The methods of previous studies have been applied to natural sill and dyke examples of the Karoo Igneous Province in northern Natal . An en echelon array of Jurassic dolerite sills occurs within Permian Ecca sediments along the Mhlatuze River, west of Empangeni. Dolerite emplacement occurred as two intrusive phases. The first phase resulted in thick, . coarse-grained dolerite sills. The second phase produced relatively thinner, fme-grained sills. The intrusion of fmegrained dolerite into older sills is demonstrated by abrupt variations in the whole-rock and mineral geochemistry profiles across the sills. Syn-crystallisation effects such as crystal settling and fractionation, and post-crystallisation hydrothermal activity is also manifested in the mineralogical and geochemical changes across the sills. The fine grained doleriteis associated with xenolithic dolerite which represents a contaminated magma propagation front of the fine-grained dolerite. The higher viscosity of the xenolithic dolerite hindered propagation, and was thus overtaken and engulfedby the mainmagmapulse. Consistent sinistral off setting of sill segments is interpreted to be the result of a fingered sill periphery intruding an en echelon fracture array. Dilation of individual segments, or fingers, occurred simultaneously. Subsequent interaction of near-tip stresses induced inwardly propagating curvature of adjacent segmentsin the array.Resultant linkage has produced a stepped-sill geometry; sill propagation and flow directions were orthogonal to the plane of linkage. The flow direction is confirmed by shape preferred-orientations of acicular mineral grains within the chilled margins of the sills, indicating the direction of flow to be perpendicular to the plane of the en echelon array, and parallel to strike directions of offset surfaces that link adjacent sill segments. Multiple dyke intrusion is examinedat an outcrop of the Rooi Rand Dyke Swarm, along the Pongola River. Individual intrusive episodes are identifiable on the basis of chill-zone relationships. The pattern along the Pongola River suggests that younger intrusive episodes frequently intrude through the centres of older dykes. A three dimensional analysis of en echelon dyke let segments allows a re-construction of the dilation history,and provides an explanation for the development of blunt-ended intrusion segments. Mineral geochemistry anomalies around dyke tips suggests possible facilitation of incipient fracture via decreases in mineral strengths manifested by geochemical changes. A statistical digital analysis of micro-phenocryst orientations within chilled dyke margins is shown to provide a viable method to ascertain magma flow directions within dykes, and may thus be a useful tool for future investigations. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1994.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Includes bibliographies. / by Yves Denis Caristan. / Ph.D.

The Birds River Gabbro Complex is intruded into sediments of the Karroo Stormberg Group in the area SW of Dordrecht in the northeastern Cape. A geochemical investigation, restricted to the igneous rock suite, gabbro-ferrogabbro-ferrotholeiite, presents new major-element data as well as data for twelve trace elements - Ba, Sr, Rb, Zr, Y, Nb , Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, V and Cr. The strong degree of differentiation of Kokstad-type tholeiitic magma in the Birds River intrusion, as noted by previous investigators, is revealed in variation diagrams in which data are plotted against a simple index of fractionation. Later differentiates are strongly enriched in Si, Ti, Fe, Na, K, P, Ba, Rb, Zr, Y, Nb, Zn and Cu but depleted in Mg, Ca, AI, Ni, Co and Cr. Extreme differentiation resulted in a strong depletion of Ti, Fe, P, Cu and V in the most highly evolved ferrotholeiites. Field evidence suggests the initial emplacement of strongly fractionated magmatic residua derived from fractional crystallization processes in a magma chamber at depth during cauldron subsidence of a mass of sediments within an annular fracture. These porphyritic, in part glassy, ferrotholeiites are enriched in Si, Na, K, Ba, Zr, Rb, Y, Nb and Zn and were engulfed by a later episode of renewed hypabyssal intrusive activity from the original source area. The younger gabbro was emplaced in a series of closely-spaced heaves or pulses of relatively undifferentiated Kokstad-type magma. The gabbro differentiated in place to form ferrogabbros which chemically closely approximate ferrotholeiite compositions. toidal facies. Residual liquids crystallized as a pegmatoidal facies. A simple fractional crystallization path, modelled on the assumption that the gabbro and ferrotholeiite form a continuous series, indicates that the least evolved ferrotholeiite can be derived from the initial gabbro composition by the fractionation of major amounts of plagioclase and pyroxene but lesser amounts of olivine. Crystallization and removal of magnetite and other Fe-oxides were relatively more important during the later stages of differentiation. The variation of major- and trace-elements in tholeiitic Karroo magma under conditions of strong differentiation at Birds River serves as a framework for the regional study of the geochemistry of other Karroo dolerites and volcanics of the north-eastern Cape. New geochemical data are presented for a sample of thirty chilled and coarse-grained Karroo dolerites collected throughout the north eastern Cape. For the most part, the chilled dolerites are relatively undifferentiated and the average composition differs only slightly from that determined by Walker and Poldervaart (1949). Variation diagrams reveal the steady increase in Si, Al, Ca, Na, K and P and the residual trace elements Ba, Zr, Rb, Y, Nb and Zn with increasing differentiation of the dolerites from more basic types. The concentrations of K, Ba and Rb are highly variable in some Karroo dolerites while new data suggest that Nb levels in the dolerites are low, being generally less than 10 ppm. The strong variation of the K-related elements (K, Ba and Rb) as well as the large ranges determined for certain inter-element ratios, such as K/Rb, Zr/Nb and K/Zr in the chilled Karroo dolerites, suggest that factors other than fractional crystallization processes need to be considered to account for individual variations. Little correlation exists between petrographic type as defined by Walker and Poldervaart (1949) and geochemical character. New geochemical data are also presented for ten Karroo basaltic lavas from the lowermost horizons of the lava sequence exposed in the Barkly East area. Major- and trace-element data indicate that these earliest Karroo extrusives are on average enriched in Si and Rb but depleted in Co and Ni when compared with the averaged chilled Karroo dolerite. Compared with basalts from Lesotho, the Barkly East basalts are enriched in Si but depleted in Ni and possibly Nb, Cu and V. The andesite is markedly enriched in Si, Na, K, Ba, Sr, Rb, Zr and Nb but depleted in Mg, Ca, V, Ni , Cu, Co and Cr. The subdued rate of Ni depletion and the absence of olivine as a major phenocryst phase in the series basalt to andesite, in the Barkly East area, suggests that differentiation trends may be controlled by the fractional crystallization of orthopyroxene and plagioclase, the two common phenocrysts present in these volcanics. The strong depletion of V and Cu in the andesite may indicate some magnetite removal during fractional crystallization.

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