Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with varied etiology and diverse clinical course. World Health Organization (WHO) has distinguished three types of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent (Type I), non insulin-dependent (Type II) and associated with other disease and syndromes. Type I diabetes patients account for approximately 10% of all diabetics, in which children and adolescent almost exclusively develop Type I diabetes. Diabetes can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, such as excessive thirst appetite, polyuria, body weight reduction, glucosuria and hyperglycaemia, confirmed by laboratory test. Acute complications may develop in the course of diabetes, usually related to extreme level of plasma glucose. Chronic complications usually developed secondary to micro-vascular changes, causing damages to small vessels, nerves, multiple organs and oral cavity. The systematic review summarized the available evidence on the oral health of children with Type I diabetes mellitus. A total of 1179 abstract were retrieved during the initial search, and after exclusion, only 37 articles were qualified for final review and analysis. Though there was conflicting evidence regarding caries experience, it is clear that children with Type I diabetes mellitus exhibited poorer overall oral health status with higher plaque accumulation compared to healthy children. The case-control study aimed to evaluate and compare the oral health status of children with Type I diabetes mellitus with healthy, non-diabetic controls in Hong Kong. A sample of 64 children (32 Type I diabetes mellitus, 32 age- and gender-matched controls) were included in the study. The study concluded that children with Type I diabetes had poor oral health status with greater plaque deposition when compared to healthy, non-diabetic controls. / published_or_final_version / Dental Surgery / Master / Master of Dental Surgery

The study aimed to explore, describe and interpret the challenges of the parents who care for diabetic children. The study aimed to attempt to highlight relevant issues that may assist the diabetic team in developing guidelines in managing diabetic children. The data were collected by engaging in face to face in depth interviews with parents of diabetic children who attended the outpatient clinic at a hospital in Durban. The interviews were guided by an interview guide, which allowed the researcher to cover all relevant areas of interest in a logical and uniformed way. The sample consisted of 16 participants, which was racially mixed. The findings of the study revealed that parents who have diabetic children experience many challenges while some are able to incorporate it into their daily lives others continue to experience problems despite the team involvement and education. Diabetes is a life long disease that requires continued management which includes ongoing education, family support, finances and support from the diabetes team. The study also revealed that caring for a diabetic child is expensive and many families struggle to meet their dietary needs due to financial constraints. The finding further revealed that diabetic children are often affected by the diagnosis and many withdraw from family, friends and social activities. Healthy siblings sometimes do not understand the child’s diabetes. In some instances, the parents’ relationships are affected as couples do not have couple time and the family’s lives are altered and most schools have minimal knowledge of diabetes. Based on these findings, recommendations regarding the required information and assistance to be given to the diabetic patients and family members were formulated. Schools have a role to play and the larger communities require diabetes awareness. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 144 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-144). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1987. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-119). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11790

M.A. (Research Psychology) / It has become increasingly recognized that medical outcomes in chronic illness depend substantially on behavioural factors as well as biochemical factors (Hamburg & Inoff, 1984, p.321), and health-related personnel have begun to realize that comprehensive care of chronically ill individuals should be based on the tenet that the person is a biopsychosocial being who is in constant interaction with the environment ...

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A chronic illness such as type 1 diabetes does not only have an impact on the individual’s physical and psychological well-being, but ultimately on the well-being of the family as a whole. The family typically fulfils the role of primary support structure for the diabetic child. Regardless of the physical and psychological challenges that form part of the illness, a large number of families are resilient. Families are able to adjust, adapt and cope adequately with a variety of life stressors. Consequently, this study aimed to identify and explore family resilience characteristics that are associated with family adaptation after the diagnosis of a chronic illness in a child. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 2001) served as theoretical framework for this study. Fifty-one primary caregivers represented families with a child with type 1 diabetes who was a patient at a big state hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study used a mixed methods approach and it was expected from the participants to answer an open-ended question and complete four self-complete questionnaires. The dependent variable in the study is family adaptation, measured with the Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8 (FACI8) (McCubbin & McCubbin, 2001). Based on the theory and previous studies, the following independent variables were used as measures: family hardiness (The Family Hardiness Index (FHI)), family patterns of communication (Family Problem Solving and Communication Scale (FPSC)) and family time spent together, as well as routines followed together (Family Time and Routine Index (FTRI)). The results show that family resilience characteristics that are significantly correlated with family adaptation are affirming communication in the family; the family’s willingness to accept change as positive; and family time spent together and routines followed in the family. The most important resilience characteristic according to the qualitative data is the support and information received from the paediatric diabetes specialist at the hospital. The family’s religious beliefs, and support received from their church, also play a significant role in their adaptation. This study contributes to the increasing need for and value of positive psychology. The study also creates an opportunity to educate families and medical personnel on the importance of implementing resilience characteristics in families to ensure better adaptation. Recommendations for future studies on resilience in families with a child with type 1 diabetes are made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Chroniese siekte soos tipe 1 diabetes het nie ’n enkelvoudige impak op die individu se fisiese en sielkundige welstand nie, maar uiteindelik ook op die gesin se welstand. Die gesin vervul tipies die rol van primêre ondersteuningsnetwerk vir die kind met diabetes. Ongeag die fisiese en sielkundige struikelblokke wat deel is van die siekte, bly ’n groot aantal gesinne steeds veerkragtig. Gesinne beskik oor die vermoë om verstellings te maak en aan te pas by ’n verskeidenheid van lewensstressors. Gevolglik het hierdie studie gepoog om gesinsveerkragtigheidskenmerke te identifiseer en te verken, nadat ’n kind met ’n chroniese siekte gediagnoseer is. Die Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 2001) het gedien as die teoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie studie. Eenen- vyftig primêre versorgers het hul gesinne in die studie verteenwoordig. In elk van die gesinne was daar ’n kind met tipe 1 diabetes wat ’n pasiënt was by ’n groot staatshospitaal in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ’n gemengde-metode benadering en het van die deelnemers verwag om ’n oopeinde-vraag te beantwoord, sowel as vier kwantitatiewe vraelyste te voltooi. Die afhanklike veranderlike in die studie was gesinsaanpassing, gemeet met die Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8 (FACI8) (McCubbin & McCubbin, 2001). Gebasseer op die teorie en die bevindinge van vorige studies is die volgende meetinstrumente gebruik om die onafhanklike veranderlikes mee te meet: die Family Hardiness Index, Family Problem Solving and Communication Scale, en die Family Time and Routine Index. Die kwantitatiewe resultate toon die volgende gesinsveerkragtigheidskenmerke: positiewe kommunikasie wat in die gesin beoefen word; die gesin se bereidwilligheid om verandering te aanvaar en dit as positief te beskou; en gesinstyd saam en gesinsroetines wat beoefen word. Die belangrikste gesinsveerkragtigheidskenmerke volgens die kwalitatiewe data is die ondersteuning en inligting verkry vanaf die pediatriese diabetes-spesialis, die gesin se geloof en die ondersteuning wat hulle van hulle kerk verkry het. Hierdie studie dra by tot die toenemende behoefte aan en waarde van positiewe sielkunde. Die studie skep ook die geleentheid om gesinne en hospitaalpersoneel in te lig oor die noodsaaklikheid van die implementering en ontwikkeling van gesinsveerkragtigheidskenmerke vir die beter aanpassing van gesinne. Ten slotte word aanbevelings vir toekomstige veerkragtigheidstudies in gesinne met ’n kind met tipe 1 diabetes gemaak.

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake, diet-related knowledge and metabolic control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus between the ages of 6-10 years attending the Paediatric Diabetic Clinics at Grey’s Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. This was a cross sectional observational study that was carried out in a total of 30 subjects out of a possible 35 subjects that qualified for inclusion in the study from both the Grey’s Hospital clinic (n=8) and IALCH clinic (n=22). The dietary intake was assessed in a total of 25 subjects using a three day dietary record (n=20) and a 24 hour recall of the third day of the record (n=16). Diet-related knowledge was assessed using a multiple choice questionnaire. Metabolic control was assessed using the most recent HbA1c and the mean HbA1c results over the previous 12 months from the date of data collection. Height and weight measurements were also carried out. Information on socioeconomic status and education status of the caregivers was obtained from 22 caregivers through follow-up phone calls. All measurements except for dietary intake were obtained from all subjects participating in the study. The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy was very similar to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Consensus Guidelines (2002). The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy from the 3 day dietary records and the 24 hour recalls were as follows: carbohydrate (52% and 49%); sucrose (2% and 2%); protein (16% and 17%); fat (32% and 34%). Micronutrient intake was adequate for all micronutrients except for calcium and vitamin D which showed low intakes. The mean diet-related knowledge score for the sample was 67% with significantly higher scores in children older than 8 years of age. The latest HbA1c for the sample was 9.7% and the mean HbA1c over the previous 12 months from the date of data collection was 9.6%. There was a significant positive correlation between age of the participant and the latest HbA1c (r = 0.473; p=0.008) and a significant negative correlation between the education level of the caregivers and the latest HbA1c (r = - 0.578; p=0.005) and the mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.496; p=0.019). Significant differences were found between African and Indian children respectively for HbA1c, with higher values in African children. There was no correlation between BMI for age and latest HbA1c (r = 0.203, p=0.282) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = 0.101, p=0.594). Z score for BMI for age was also not correlated with latest HbA1c (r = 0.045, p=0.814) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.012, p=0.951). Children from the Grey’s Hospital Clinic were found to have higher HbA1c values (p=0.001) and lower diet-related knowledge scores as compared to the children from the IALCH Clinic (p=0.038). It should be noted that the ethnic and racial composition of the children attending these two clinics differed. In conclusion the macronutrient intake in this sample was found to be similar to the ISPAD Consensus Guidelines (2002) while calcium and vitamin D intakes were low. Overall this sample displayed good diet-related knowledge while metabolic control was found to be poor. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

No description available.

The purpose of this research study was to determine the acceptability of complementary and alternative medicine use in a pediatric population with diabetes. Subjects included 76 patients who attend or have previously attended a diabetes clinic at Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis, Indiana.Once patient and parent approval had been granted, the researcher conducted a telephone interview to gather information. Using SPSS statistical software, frequencies and Chi-squared analysis were performed on the data collected. It was revealed that although subjects had a wide variety of concerns with the use of CAM and were unsure about whether it "could heal diabetes or other health problems," a majority were willing to try CAM. Results also indicated that willingness to try CAM was not affected by the age of the child, the type of diabetes present, use of insulin or special diet, or current use of a vitamin or supplement. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences