Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 150-158. / by Ramesh Shrikrishna Patil. / Ph.D.

Yip Lung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Heart and Lung Diseases --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- China --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- the United States of America (USA) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Auscultation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction of Auscultation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Comparison between Auscultation and Ultrasound --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Stethoscope --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- History of Stethoscope --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- New Electronic Stethoscope --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Main Purpose of the Study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.16 / References --- p.18 / Chapter 2 --- A New Electronic Stethoscope's Head / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biopotential Electrode --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Flexible Electrode --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Laplacian Electrocardiogram --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Transducer --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Design of the Head of Stethoscope --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Experimental Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Bias Voltage of Condenser Microphone --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Frequency Response of New Stethoscope's Head --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7 --- Section Summary --- p.31 / References --- p.33 / Chapter 3 --- Signal Pre-processing Unit / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- High Input Impedance IC Amplifier --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Voltage Control Voltage Source High Pass Filter Circuit --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Multiple Feed Back Low Pass Filter Circuit --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Overall Circuit --- p.41 / Chapter 3.6 --- Experimental Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.7 --- Discussion --- p.46 / Chapter 3.8 --- Section Summary --- p.47 / References --- p.48 / Chapter 4 --- Central Platform / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Adaptive Filter --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Introduction to Adaptive Filtering --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Applications --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Offline Processing --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- WINDAQ and MATLAB --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Direct Reference Algorithm --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Determination of Parameters in DRA --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Experimental Results of DRA --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Acoustic Waveform Based Algorithm --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Experimental Results of AWBA --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Online Processing --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- LABVIEW --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Automated Gain Control --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Implementation of LMS adaptive filter --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Experimental Results of Online-AGC --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- Section Summary --- p.97 / References --- p.98 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Further Development / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion of the Main Contribution --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Works --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Modification of the Head of Stethoscope --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Validation of Abnormal Breath --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Low Frequency Analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- AGC-AWBA Approach --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Standalone Device --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Demand on Stethoscope --- p.109 / References --- p.110 / Appendix / Chapter A.1 --- Determination of parameters in VCVS High Pass Filter --- p.106 / Chapter A.2 --- Determination of parameters in MFB Low Pass Filter --- p.110 / Chapter A.3 --- Source code of DRA (MATLAB) --- p.114 / Chapter A.4 --- Source code of AWBA (MATLAB) --- p.129 / Chapter A.5 --- Source code of online AGC (LABVIEW) --- p.134

Several hundred inherited disorders of the skeleton have been delineated. Individually these conditions are rare, but as a group they cause much crippling and hardship. Several factors, including the rarity and complexity of the manifestations of these conditions, as well as semantic overlap, impede the accurate diagnosis which is essential for effective treatment. In this regard, the adoption of microcomputers warrants evaluation as a high technology aid. Microcomputers have developed tremendous capabilities during recent years. The state of the art has become such that a diagnostic aid facility on such a device has been demonstrated in various disciplines of medicine and may also be feasible in the area of inherited skeletal disorders. The study which forms the basis of this thesis, concerns the investigation of this feasibility and has led to the development of an effective working model which sets the basis for microcomputer-aided diagnosis. The design features followed in this project are similar to those conventionally employed for "Expert systems" on mainframe computers. A comprehensive knowledge base consisting of over 200 skeletal disorders and 700 radiographic and clinical manifestations, has resulted. Furthermore, the application is capable of "learning", although inference as employed by the inference engines of real expert systems, is not employed. In this context learning implies that the knowledge base, with the passage of time, improves considerably when used by experts. Serendipitous findings in this regard are: • 1) Considerable improvement of existing profile descriptions can occur without any increased demands on computer memory and storage space; • 2) Growth of the knowledge base in the form of additional disease profiles can be effected with very modest inroads on memory and storage resources. The computerized diagnostic aid which resulted from this thesis, has been demonstrated to be successful in both the Department of Human Genetics of the University of Cape Town and the Department of Paediatrics of the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. Evaluated both in terms of efficiency and utility, the system provides an enhancement to the specialist genetic diagnostician. These achievements have been effected by means of a unique newly developed application of compressed bit-mapping, attained by writing the applicable programs in Turbo Pascal and 8086- assembler languages. Calculations indicate that much larger data bases may possibly be implemented on present-day microcomputers by means of the methods developed in this project.