At the beginning of the work there are described the most important anatomical structures in the observed locations of the both compared types of fractures The second part is divided in more chapters and it the traumatological introduction for the diaphyseal and angle fractures issue. This part is beginning with the basic partition to the further specialization on diagnostics, classification, therapy and healing focused on the tibial and ankle part. The single demographic data for the both types of fractures is described in the third part. In the last chapter there is the comprehension of the most important data of diaphyseal tibial and ankle fracture.

Fractures of proximal humerus and humeral shaft are two clinical problems that have many differences and different treatment. The aim was to compare these differences in a retrospective epidemiological study. At the beginning is an overview of anatomy, classification and treatment of humerus fractures. The point of the study was the evidence of patients, who were treated in Orthopedic - traumatological clinic of FNKV. In years 2000-2008 there were 1891 patients treated for proximal humerus fracture and 223 patients treated for humeral shaft fracture. The result of the work is an overview of incidence, sex and average age of the monitored patients, Neer's and AO classification overview and comparison of surgical and conservative treatment and the progression in time.

The main goal of a forensic anthropological analysis of unidentified human remains is to establish an accurate biological profile. The largest obstacle in the creation or validation of techniques specific for subadults is the lack of large, modern samples. Techniques created for subadults were mainly derived from antiquated North American or European samples and thus inapplicable to a modern South African population as the techniques lack diversity and ignore the secular trends in modern children. This research provides accurate and reliable methods to estimate age and sex of South African subadults aged birth to 12 years from long bone lengths and breadths, as no appropriate techniques exist. Standard postcraniometric variables (n = 18) were collected from six long bones on 1380 (males = 804, females = 506) Lodox Statscan-generated radiographic images housed at the Forensic Pathology Service, Salt River and the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Measurement definitions were derived from and/or follow studies in fetal and subadult osteology and longitudinal growth studies. Radiographic images were generated between 2007 and 2012, thus the majority of children (70%) were born after 2000 and thus reflect the modern population. Because basis splines and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) are nonparametric the 95% prediction intervals associated with each age at death model were calculated with cross-validation. Numerous classification methods were employed namely linear, quadratic, and flexible discriminant analysis, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, and random forests to identify the method that consistently yielded the lowest error rates. Because some of the multivariate subsets demonstrated small sample sizes, the classification accuracies were bootstrapped to validate results. Both univariate and multivariate models were employed in the age and sex estimation analyses. Standard errors for the age estimation models were smaller in most of the multivariate models with the exception of the univariate humerus, femur, and tibia diaphyseal lengths. Univariate models provide narrower age estimates at the younger ages but the multivariate models provide narrower age estimates at the older ages. Diaphyseal lengths did not demonstrate any significant sex differences at any age, but diaphyseal breadths demonstrated significant sex differences throughout the majority of the ages. Classification methods utilizing multivariate subsets achieved the highest accuracies, which offer practical applicability in forensic anthropology (81% to 90%). Whereas logistic regression yielded the highest classification accuracies for univariate models, FDA yielded the highest classification accuracies for multivariate models. This study is the first to successfully estimate subadult age and sex using an extensive number of measurements, univariate and multivariate models, and robust statistical analyses. The success of the current study is directly related to the large, modern sample size, which ultimately captured a wider range of human variation than previously collected for subadult diaphyseal dimensions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / unrestricted