Dissertation (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (PhD) - Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007. / Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2007. Typescript. "September 2007". Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-204).

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2671. Adviser: Herbert DuPont. Includes bibliographical references.

Diarrhea diseases remain one of the greatest health problems in many parts of the world. In some cases, the disease is mild and self-limiting; however, the symptoms may be very severe in the elderly and young children (Smith and Cheasty, 1998), as well as in immune compromised patients such as HIV/AIDS patients. The disease is one of the hallmarks of HIV/AIDS in developing countries and is also a cardinal clinical manifestation of water borne infections (Obi et al., 2007). According to a World Health Organization report (WHO, 2004), diarrhea was rated second, after respiratory infections out of the eight deadliest diseases worldwide and was responsible for 1.8 million deaths per year. This infectious disease which can cause dehydration is primarily a symptom of gastrointestinal infection, but chemical irritation of the gut or non-infectious bowel disease can also result in diarrhoe. Studies have shown that the predominant causative agents of acute and persistent diarrhoe are Gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Yersinia enterocolitica (Obi et al., 1995, 1998, 2003; Lainson and Silva, 1999; Coker et al., 2002; Oyofo et al., 2002). Aside from bacterial agents of diarrhoea, other causative pathogens include protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum; viruses such as norwalk virus and rota virus. Although fungal agents such as Candida have been shown to be prevalent in children with diarrhoe (Enweani et al. 1994), a more recent study (Forbes et al., 2001), associated higher Candida counts with recent antibiotic use. Faecal concentrations of Candida were higher in patients with diarrhoe, but the study confirmed no association between faecal candida or other yeasts and diarrhoe. Norwalk viruses, calci-like viruses and rota viruses are the major viral agents of diarrhoe. According to Parashar et al., (2006), rota virus is the leading cause of diarrhoe hospitalisation among children worldwide, causing 440,000 annual deaths in children under 5 years of age.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master or Medicine in the branch of Paediatrics Johannesburg, 2015 / Malnutrition and diarrhoea are major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Lactose malabsorption has been associated with diarrhoea in malnourished children, but they are often managed with lactose containing feeds. This study quantified the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and diarrhoea admitted to an urban South African hospital. Sixty-three Children with SAM and diarrhoea were included in the study and had their stool tested for reducing substances using the Benedict’s test. Fifty-nine percent had stool positive for reducing substances (≥0.5g%). After multivariate analysis, age of <12 months was the only factor found to significantly predict positive reducing substances (LR 4, p=0.046). Death was 4 times more likely in children with positive reducing substances (p=0.035). The role of lactose free feeds in children with SAM and diarrhoea has not been adequately explored.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, 2012 / Introduction: Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality and morbidity amongst children under five years of age worldwide. Aim: To characterise the bacterial aetiologies and molecular characterises the pathogens associated with hospitalization for diarrhoeal disease among South African children aged less than 5 years Methods: Children aged < 5 years hospitalized with diarrhoea were enrolled. Standard microbiological methods (culture, biochemical tests, serotyping) and molecular methods (PCR) were used, targeting bacterial pathogens such as diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae and Campylobacter species. Results: A total of 1816 stool specimens were processed, of which 633 (35%) were positive for enteric bacterial pathogens. Isolates in order of frequency included 562 DEC, 49 Shigella spp., 20 Salmonella spp., 2 Campylobacter spp. There were 48 (8%) enteric bacterial infections identified with more than one pathogen. Co-infections of bacterial pathogens with other organisms include 52 bacterial agents concurrent with Cryptosporidium co-infection, 128 with rotavirus coinfection and 9 episodes which included Cryptosporidium and rotavirus co-infections. Conclusion: The overall recovered bacterial pathogens from stool specimens was 35% with DEC being the most commonly identified.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.