The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-week ketogenic diet on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), high-intensity Wingate sprints, and work output during a 45-minute cycling bout. Twenty subjects were placed into either an intervention group (N=12) or a control group (N=8). Subjects in the dietary intervention group ingested a diet consisting of 61± 4% fat, 8± 3% carbohydrate, and 30± 5% protein while subjects in the control group were instructed to continue following their normal moderate carbohydrate diet. All subjects were instructed to maintain their current training status. On the first day subjects performed a VO2max test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. On the second day subjects performed two 30-second Wingate sprints followed by a 30-minute rest. Following this subjects performed a 45-minute timed ride on a cycle ergometer set on isokinetic mode. Absolute VO2max decreased significantly (P<_ 0.05) in the ketogenic group while relative VO2max was unchanged. Rate of perceived exertion increased significantly at 9 and 11 minutes during the VO2max test. Absolute peak and mean power output during the first Wingate sprint was significantly less after the ketogenic diet compared with week 0. When analyzed relative to body weight, however, only peak power output was significantly decreased. Power output during the second sprint remained unchanged. Fat oxidation increased but work output decreased during the 45-minute cycling bout in the ketogenic group. The results of the present study suggest that a 6-week ketogenic diet results in metabolic adaptations that increase fat oxidation. However, the overall decreased performance during a VO2max test, 30-second Wingate sprints, and a 45-minute endurance test indicate that some aspect of the diet has an adverse effect on exercise performance. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine if the Atkins diet had an effect on resting metabolic rate. In addition, the study will further explore the effects of the Atkins diet on blood lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides) and glucose as well as body composition. Eighteen healthy women (mean age 42.4 ± 7.4 yrs, mean BMI 33.7± 5.6 kg' m -2) participated in the 6-week diet intervention. Pre- testing and post-testing included collection of: fasting blood lipids, resting metabolic rate and body composition data measured by air displacement plethysmography. Statistical analysis used to compare baseline and post study data included dependant t-tests. A significant decrease from baseline was noted in resting metabolic rate (1518 to 1374 kcals' day -1). Decreases in body mass (91.0 ± 4.0 to 86.6 ± 3.9 kg), fat mass (42.3 ± 3.1 to 38.0 ± 3.1 kg, and BMI (33.7 ± 1.3 to 32.1 ±1.3 kg' m "2) were noted but there was no significant change in fat-free mass (48.6 ± 1.3 to 48.6 ±1.1 kg). The only significant finding from the blood lipid profile was a decrease in triglyceride levels (121 ± 17.9 to 98 ±12.7 mg ' dL-1). In conclusion, this study showed that adherence to the Atkins diet for six weeks did improve body composition; decrease triglycerides and decrease resting metabolic rate. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) is state-listed as threatened or as a species of special concern throughout most of its range, suffering from extensive loss of breeding habitat. Although the Cerulean Warbler has been classified as a species of high conservation concern, little is known about its life history. Conservation and management efforts directed toward protecting forested landscapes on the breeding and non-breeding grounds, with the specific habitat requirements that this species prefers, are paramount. Yet, there is little specific quantitative data in existence regarding the pertinent vegetation structure in which the Cerulean Warbler can successfully breed. During the two field seasons of this project (2000 and 2001), sixty-two territories were located, monitored, and mapped during the nesting season. To determine the habitat selection of Cerulean Warblers, twenty-seven habitat variables were measured within the center of mapped territories and random sites (0.04 ha circle). The size of territories (n = 59) ranged from 0.036 ha to 1.427 ha. The number of large trees (> 38 cm DBH) was significantly higher in territories, as was the total density of all trees than in random sites. Vertical stratification between 0 - < 2 m was also significantly higher in territories than in random sites. Territories were located significantly closer to water bodies, roads, and agricultural fields. The relative abundance of Cerulean Warblers differed greatly among study sites (O/km2-3.86/k m2). In all study sites containing at least two birds throughout the breeding season, territories exhibited a significantly clumped distribution. As expected, canopy gaps were present in all territories, and perch trees were significantly larger than average trees available to males within territories. This species was located almost exclusively along ridgetops and mesic slopes. The greatest number of birds occurred in study sites that were located within state forests that are currently being managed for timber harvest versus national forest. / School of Physical Education

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Science. / In this dissertation I examine the effects of a long term (one month) and a short term (two week) very low energy diet of 3347 kl/d (800 kcal/d) on body weight, body composition, cardiac function, nutritional and hormonal status, psychological variables and sleep and temperature variables. In both investigations, data were collected 28 days apart to control for menstrual cycle differences. (Abbreviation abstract). / Andrew Chakane 2018

In an attempt to determine the relationship between dietary fiber and estrogen levels in premenopausal adult women, seven subjects completed all of the requirements as volunteers for this study. The subjects consumed two experimental diets using a cross-over experimental design. One-half of the subjects were randomly assigned to a low-fiber treatment group and one-half were assigned to a high-fiber treatment group. Food records were utilized to determine fiber intake throughout the study. Nutrient intake during the experimental periods demonstrated significant differences indicating the affect of the varied dietary regimens. No significant difference was seen in mean estrogen levels between the low- and high-fiber experimental periods, however, a positive significant correlation (p<.05) was observed with the change in estrogen level and insoluble fiber intake. Further study with a larger subject sample would be beneficial in determining recommendations for amounts of insoluble fiber intake for the general population. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 W43 / Master of Science

This study determined outcomes of a low-carbohydrate (CHO) and moderate-CHO diet on weight loss, ketone production, and urinary calcium excretion in a convenience sample of 14 (ages 18-26, m=2, f=12) overweight students at a midwestern college for one month in a two-week, cross over study design. Results showed significant weight loss in subjects over time (p< .01). However, no significant difference between diet groups over time for weight loss was shown. Outcome of urine ketone production remained unaffected over time and between groups over time. A significant difference was noted in urinary calcium excretion within subjects over time (p=.035), yet not between groups over time. These findings suggest that weight loss may be due to a decrease in water and lean body mass from glycogen mobilization. Ketone production was unaffected possibly due to non-compliance with diet recommendations and small sample size of the study. Urinary calcium excretion increases may be attributed to higher protein intakes in participants on the modified-CHO diets, possibly allowing for a negative calcium balance in the body leading to premature osteoporosis. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Obese female Sprague Dawley Rats were randomly assigned, on a weight basis, to one of three dietary treatments: ad libitum, 30% caloric restriction, and 50% caloric restriction. All other nutrients were fed at levels to meet dietary requirements. Each treatment group was further divided into pregnant and nonpregnant subgroups. The experimental diets were started on Day 4 of gestation for pregnant groups. Rats were sacrificed on Day 20 of gestation and fetuses were taken by Caesarean section. Maternal and fetal body composition, and the maternal serum protein concentration were examined. Weight changes for pregnant rats were +127 gms in the ad lib fed group, +83 gms in the 30% restricted group, and +51 gms in the 50% restricted group. Weight changes for the nonpregnant rats after 20 days of dietary treatment were +22 gms, -10 gms, and -40 gms in the ad lib fed, 30%, and 50% restricted groups respectively. The percentage of maternal carcass protein was affected by the 50% caloric restriction imposed on all animals. Animals on the 30% and 50% caloric restricted diet showed a decrease in total body fat of 5% and 12% respectively, as compared to the ad lib fed controls regardless of pregnancy state. The maternal liver weight increase during pregnancy was less in 30% and 50% caloric restricted animals. Serum protein levels decreased in pregnant animals as caloric restriction increased. Fetal body weight, brain weight, and body composition did not differ between treatment groups. The fetal compartment was not affected by maternal caloric restriction up to 50% while providing all other nutrients adequately. Maternal stores were affected at both levels of 30% and 50% caloric restriction. These results indicate that excess fat stores can be mobilized to support fetal growth in obese pregnant rats under caloric restriction, when other nutrients are provided in adequate amounts. / M.S.

Six white volunteer males less than 35 years old, who ran less than 35 miles per week completed a loading regimen. This consisted of a succession of mixed, high-fat and highCHO diets for at least 72 hours each. Subjects ran to exhaustion after each diet stage. Mean times to exhaustion were 61, 63 and 95 minutes for the mixed, high-fat, and high-CHO diets, respectively. Since questions have been raised concerning a detrimental effect of CHO-loading on heart function, subjects were closely examined for evidence of negative effects associated with this procedure. An incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB), sinus arrhythmia, and early repolarization after the mixed diet was noted in three of the six subjects. These changes were not observed during the high-fat nor high-CHO diets. Prior to the high-CHO exhaustive run, it was also found that the width of the QRS complex was significantly more narrow than the mixed and high-fat diets. The above electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were noted as not being clinically significant by an internal medicine physician. No changes were noted in blood pressures, serum free fatty acids (FFA) and post exhaustive run body weights for diets not pre/post exercise bouts. Serum glucose was significantly higher for the pre-run high-CHO diet when compared to the mixed and high-fat diets pre-run values, yet it remained within normal limits. Body weight following the high-CHO diet was significantly greater than during the high-fat and mixed periods. This may be due to water retention occurring with increased glycogen storage. This probably explains the longer time to exhaustion for the high-CHO diet as compared to the mixed and high-fat trials which both yielded similar times to exhaustion. Although research indicates that a mixed diet prolongs the onset of exhaustion more than a high-fat diet, the similar endurance capacity for the high-fat and mixed diets could be related to a learning effect on the treadmill and/or psychological considerations of consuming a high-fat diet. Also since heart rate and blood pressure were not significantly different for the first 30 minutes of exercise while rate of perceived exertion (RPE) indicated the mixed diet trial most demanding and the high-CHO trial least, one might suspect that some other factor besides physiological values, may cause fatigue. In summary, CHO-loading appeared to enhance endurance of the novice runner with no apparent detrimental effects on cardiac function in these six subjects. / Master of Science

Bibliography: v. 2, leaves [410]-464 / 2 v. : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1986?