Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, likely has its origins in childhood. During periods of rapid skeletal growth, diet may influence accrual of bone mineral density (BMD) and adult bone health. This study used novel approaches in bone imaging to further characterize optimal skeletal development and enhance our understanding of key dietary components that influence attainment of peak bone mass (PBM) and contribute to determinants of peak bone strength in peri-pubertal females. The use of a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) enabled the influence of usual dietary intake on bone parameters to be examined.This study examined the relationship of dietary intake of micronutrients and bone macro-architectural structure in peri-pubertal girls. This study suggested that vitamin C and zinc intake are associated with objective measures of bone status in 4th, but not 6th grade girls. This indicates potential differences in micronutrient and bone associations at various age-associated stages of bone maturation.The impact of dietary fat on peri-pubertal skeletal growth is not well characterized. This study examined relationships of select dietary fatty acid (FA) intakes and measures of bone status in peri-pubertal girls. This study suggested that MUFA, total PUFA, n-6 and linoleic acid (LA) are inversely associated with bone status prior to menarche, but composition of dietary fat may be more important during the early-pubertal years. Decreased intakes of n-6 PUFA may benefit bone health in young girls.The impact of a dietary protein on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone strength throughout maturation remains controversial. Given evidence of both anabolic and catabolic affects of protein on bone health, this study examined relations of dietary protein from different sources with bone parameters in peri-pubertal girls. This study showed that dietary protein intake is related to higher trabecular but not cortical vBMD, BMC and BSI, and accounts for 2-4% of their variability in peri-pubertal girls. The relationship seems to vary by the source of dietary protein and calcium intake. However, a negative impact of animal protein on bone health is not supported. Large scale observational and intervention studies are needed to establish causality.

La cicatrisation complète de la muqueuse, définie comme l'absence de lésions visibles par endoscopie, est considérée comme un objectif thérapeutique dans la prévention des complications associées aux Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques de l’Intestin (MICI).Dans ce contexte, le rôle de l’apport protéique alimentaire et les besoins protéiques nécessaires à la cicatrisation ont été peu étudiés. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’effet du niveau d’apport protéique alimentaire sur la réparation épithéliale après un épisode inflammatoire intestinal dans un modèle murin de colite chimio-induite. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse de la progression de certains modulateurs impliqués dans le processus cicatriciel a mis en évidence que la réparation colique s’initiait et se consolidait avant que l’inflammation ne soit résolue et cela, dans un contexte où la composition du microbiote adhérent à la muqueuse était altérée de manière persistante. Les effets de trois régimes alimentaires ayant un niveau d'apport protéique différent (moyen, modérément élevé et élevé) ont ensuite été évalués sur la réparation de la muqueuse colique, ce qui a permis de montrer qu’au-delà d’un certain seuil, le niveau d’apport protéique aggravait et perpétuait l’inflammation colique. En revanche, un apport modérément élevé en protéines était bénéfique par rapport à un apport moyen, de par ses effets sur la perméabilité colique, l'hyper-prolifération cryptique, l’expression de plusieurs gènes codant pour des facteurs de réparation et sur la modulation de la composition du microbiote adhérent. Enfin, ces travaux ont montré que l’inflammation et le niveau d’apport en protéines affectaient le métabolisme protéique dans des organes non-cibles de l’inflammation colique en association avec une endotoxémie persistante.Ce travail a ainsi permis de mieux comprendre les événements locaux et périphériques impliqués dans la cicatrisation de la muqueuse colique et leur modulation par un apport majoré en protéines suite à un épisode inflammatoire aigu. / Advanced mucosal healing, defined by endoscopy as the absence of visible lesions, is considered as a therapeutic goal in the prevention of complications associated with IBD.In this context, the role of dietary protein intake and the protein requirements for mucosal healing have been poorly studied. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of dietary protein intake level on epithelial repair after an acute intestinal inflammatory episode in a murine model of colitis. Firstly, the progression analysis of several modulators involved in the repairing process showed that colonic repair can be initiated and consolidated in the context of inflamed mucosa, associated with persistent alterations of the colonic luminal environment. The effect of three diets with different levels of protein intake (average, moderately high and high) on colon mucosa repair were evaluated in the same model. This study showed that, beyond a threshold, the level of protein intake aggravated and perpetuated colitis. However, a moderately high protein intake was beneficial due to its effect on colonic permeability, cryptic hyper-proliferation, expression of multiple genes encoding repair factors, and composition modulation of the mucosal-adherent microbiota. Finally, both inflammation and dietary protein intake levels altered protein metabolism of other organs at the periphery of the inflammation in association with persistent endotoxemia.This work deepened the understanding of the events involved in the epithelial repair process and their modulation by an increase in the dietary protein intake after an acute episode of colitis.