by Chan Chui Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Plates --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The chemical class of DEHP: Phthalate ester --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Characteristics of DEHP --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Sources of releases and environmental concentration --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Persistence of DEHP --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Routes of exposure --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Toxicity of DEHP --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.6.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.6.2 --- Chronic toxicity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.6.2.1 --- Adverse effects on reproduction system --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.6.2.2 --- Carcinogenicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.6.2.3 --- Developmental toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.6.2.4 --- Endocrine disruption --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.6.2.5 --- Hepatotoxicity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Regulations --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Treatment of DEHP --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Conventional treatment technologies --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Physical method --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.1.2 --- Sonolysis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Photochemical method --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.1 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Biological method --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.1 --- Biodegradation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.2 --- Sewage treatment process --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Integrated treatment method in the present study --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Biosorption --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Advantages of biosorption --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Chitinous materials as biosorbents --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.4 --- Advantages of using chitinous materials as biosorbents --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.5 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- PCO --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.1 --- Definition of PCO --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2 --- Mechanism of PCO --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.3 --- Advantages of PCO --- p.25 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Adsorbate --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Biosorbents --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Pretreatment of biosorbents --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Photocatalyst --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Electron scavenger --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Determination of DEHP concentration --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Screening of biosorbents --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Optimization of biosorption conditions --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.1 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.3 --- Effect of biosorption time --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.4 --- Effect of temperature --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.7 --- "Combinational effect of initial pH, chitin A concentration and initial DEHP concentration" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Extraction of adsorbed DEHP from chitin A --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Screening of extraction agents --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Determination of extraction time --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Batch PCO experiment --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Optimization of PCO conditions --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Effect of UV-A intensity --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.6 --- Combinational effect of H2O2 concentration and initial pH --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.7 --- Effect of concentration factor --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Identification of intermediates/products of DEHP --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediates/products by the Microtox® test --- p.40 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Screening of biosorbents --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Optimization of biosorption conditions --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Effect of biosorption time --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.2.4 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.2.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.2.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.2.7 --- "Combinational effect of initial pH, chitin A concentration and initial DEHP concentration" --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.2.8 --- Summary of biosorption conditions before and after optimization --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Extraction of adsorbed DEHP from chitin A --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Screening of extraction agents --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Determination of extraction time --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Batch PCO experiment --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Optimization of PCO conditions --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Effect of UV-A intensity --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Combinational effect of H2O2 concentration and initial pH --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.1.7 --- Effect of CF --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.1.8 --- Summary of PCO conditions before and after optimization --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Identification of intermediates/products of DEHP --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediates/products by the Microtox® test --- p.66 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Screening of biosorbents --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Optimization of biosorption conditions --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.2.3 --- Effect of biosorption time --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.2.4 --- Effect of temperature --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1.2.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1.2.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1.2.7 --- "Combinational effect of initial pH, chitin A concentration and initial DEHP concentration" --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Extraction of adsorbed DEHP from chitin A --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Screening of extraction agents --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Determination of extraction time --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3 --- Batch PCO experiment --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Optimization of PCO conditions --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Effect of UV-A intensity --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3.1.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.76 / Chapter 5.3.1.6 --- Combinational effect of H2O2 concentration and initial pH --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.1.7 --- Effect of CF --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Identification of intermediates/products of DEHP --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediates/products by the Microtox test --- p.79 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.80 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.83

by Chan Hiu-wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Chan Hiu-wai. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Page / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The chemical class: Phthalate esters --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Characteristics of DEHP --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Production and applications --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental releases and environmental fate --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Toxicity of DEHP --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Mammalian toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Toxicity to aquatic organisms --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Regulations --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conventional technologies for DEHP removal --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Biodegradation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Coagulation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Adsorption --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Innovative technologies for DEHP removal --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Biosorption --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Mechanisms --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Selection of biosorbents --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Assessment of biosorption performance --- p.21 / Chapter a. --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.21 / Chapter b. --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.5 --- Recovery of biosorbents --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.6 --- Development of biosorption process --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.7 --- Seaweeds as biosorbents --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Photocatalyst --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- General mechanisms --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Influencing parameters in PCO --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Enhanced performance by addition of hydrogen peroxide --- p.33 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.36 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Biosorption of DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Characterization of beached seaweed and S. siliquastrum --- p.44 / Chapter a. --- Total organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.44 / Chapter b. --- Leaching of biomass components --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Effect of DEHP concentration --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP from seaweed biomass --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Effect of Ti02 concentration --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Effect of H202 concentration --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration and irradiation time --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total Organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and intermediate products --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Amphipod survival test --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalyic oxidation as an Integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of algal extract on photocatalytic oxidation of DEHP --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of mineralization of algal extract by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.57 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Biosorption --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Characterization of beached seaweed and S. siliquastrum --- p.61 / Chapter a. --- Total organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.61 / Chapter b. --- Leaching properties --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1.8 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration: Modeling by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorptin isotherm --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP and irradiation time --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediate products --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Amphipod survival test --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalytic oxidation as an integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of algal extract on photocatalytic oxidation of DEHP --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Determination of mineralization of algal extract by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.103 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Biosorption --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Characteristic of S. siliquastrum and beached seaweed --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.1.8 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration: Modeling of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1.5 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.1.6 --- Effect of DEHP concentration and irradiation time --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.118 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediate products --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalytic oxidation as an integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.119 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.121 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.123