Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1995. / Title from title page screen, viewed May 8, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Rati Ram (chair), Anthony L. Ostrosky, Mark S. Walbert. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2007. / Thesis advisor: Philip Halloran "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics for Certified Elementary Teachers" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008. / Title from title screen (site viewed Feb. 17, 2009). PDF text: xi, 182 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 1.06 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3326865. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

INTRODUCTION: Altered neuromuscular control and knee joint instability are commonly observed in populations with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Since knee OA is more prevalent in females, sex-related differences in muscle activation and movement strategies during activities of daily living (ADL) are theorized to be a contributing factor to the increased prevalence in females. PURPOSE: The aims of this thesis were: 1) identify sex differences in joint dynamics and muscle activation patterns in older adults with knee OA and healthy older adults; and 2) investigate whether differences in co-activation and dynamic knee joint stiffness exist between sexes in an OA and healthy populations. For both aims, squatting tasks were evaluated because it is a common and critical component in ADLs. METHODS: Thirty healthy individuals (15 females) and thirty individuals with knee OA (15 female) performed three two-legged squats at a self-selected pace on two force platforms. Hip, knee, and ankle sagittal and frontal plane joint angles, moments and powers were calculated and electromyography (EMG) of eight muscles crossing the knee joint was recorded for the test (OA affected or dominant) limb. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions were used to normalize the EMG data. Co-activation indices for six antagonist muscle pairings and dynamic knee joint stiffness (DKJS) were calculated for the acceleration and deceleration phases of squat descent and ascent. Two-way ANOVAs (Sex X OA status) were used to characterize differences in muscle activation patterns and movement strategies. RESULTS: For aim 1, decreased hip, knee and ankle sagittal plane range of motion was identified in the OA participants, with females showing the greater deficits compared to the males. Males with OA implemented a hip dominant strategy by increasing hip joint moments and decreasing knee joint moments compared to the females. Indifferent of joint status, females performed the squat with more hip adduction compared to males. Females with OA demonstrated greater hip adduction and knee valgus angles throughout the squat, contributing to the decrease in the frontal plane range of motion. Additionally, hip joint power was lower in all female participants compared to males while knee joint power was lower in the OA participants. For aim 2, females with OA, and to lesser extent males with OA had greater DKJS around peak knee flexion compared to the healthy participants. Co-activation indices revealed sex differences in neuromuscular control: Females with knee osteoarthritis had higher muscle activation magnitude and co-activation of antagonistic muscles, whereas the males used a more selective increase in hamstring co-activation and more balanced quadriceps-hamstring recruitment. CONCLUSION: Two-legged squats were able to detect sex and OA related functional deficits at the knee and adjacent hip and ankle joints. OA had a greater effect on the movement and neuromuscular control in females than males and the squat identified specific deficiencies that can be targeted for rehabilitation.

In this thesis we introduce Non-Standard Methods, in particular the use of hyperfinite difference equations, to the study of space-time random processes. We obtain a new existence theorem in the spirit of Keisler (1984) for the one dimensional heat equation forced non-linearly by white noise. We obtain several new results on the sample path properties of the Critical Branching Measure Diffusion, and show that in one dimension it has a density which satisfies a non-linearly forced heat equation. We also obtain results on the dimension of the support of the Fleming-Viot Process. / Science, Faculty of / Mathematics, Department of / Graduate

After given due consideration to the need of the original hyperandrogenic regulations and the constant pressure from society upon the International Association of Athletics Federation’s (hereafter IAAF) to take action against the presumed unfair competitive edge which such an athlete posed, it cannot be said that a female athlete’s natural levels of testosterone should be considered prejudicial in cases where such an excess is naturally produced within the athlete’s body. Any regulation that impedes upon the rights and freedoms of an athlete must be drafted in a manner that bears the highest degree of credibility and evidence, including the support of several cross-examinations of the evidential value before the promulgation thereof. The IAAF’s hyperandrogenic regulations fail to meet this extrinsic threshold and instead announces it in the absence of trailed and proven factual scientific evidence. The CAS board identified a lack of legality due to insufficient scientific evidence presented by the IAAF in order to justify the need of such regulations. This study found that Hyperandrogenic athletes faced numerous accounts of prejudice as a result of the regulations and the enforcement thereof by the IAAF. After the CAS panel established that several of the Hyperandrogenic athlete’s rights were infringed upon by the regulations, in an attempt to evade legal consequences, the IAAF withdrew the hyperandrogenic regulations leading to the abolishment of all legal proceedings linked thereto. The IAAF then retaliated months later with the publication of their DSD regulations. After facing an immense amount of critique by professionals globally, a communal consensus was reached that the DSD regulation was even weaker than its pre-successor. This study firstly investigates the scientific evidence, both in manner and in the hypothesis, presented by the IAAF in support of their DSD regulations. Secondly, it will criticise the legitimacy of the Bermon test and its publication in the British Journal of Sport Medicine (hereinafter the BJSM). Comparisons are made between hyperandrogenism and collateral cases involving similar medical conditions. Attention has also been drawn to the legal recourse currently available to affected athletes. Hereinafter, opinions and suggestions will be made as to an appropriate, and a law-abiding way as to how hyperandrogenism should be regulated. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Procedural Law / LLM (Research) / Unrestricted

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