A HP micro DSC-VII from SETARAM was used to study the efficiency and mechanism of action of commercial kinetic inhibitors for gas-hydrate formation in drilling fluids (OBM). The main objective was to find a suitable and reliable method of screening for these chemicals. The DSC technique consists in monitoring the heat exchanges, due to phase changes (here hydrate formation or dissociation), either versus time at constant temperature or versus temperature during a heating or cooling program. All products showed a gas hydrate dissociation temperature (at a given pressure) that matched with theoretical and previously published data. Nevertheless, for some additives two thermal signals were observed on the thermograms, one that corresponds to the theoretical value and another at a higher temperature (about +4°C). This second peak is insensitive to the heating rate applied for the dissociation, but the areas ratio (1stpeak/2nd peak) changes with the additive concentration and with the driving force applied during the hydrate formation. Additionally, additive/water and additive/water/THF systems were tested. In each case, two dissociation peaks were also measured. The results allow us to disregard any kinetic effects bonded to this thermal phenomenon, and lead us to infer that some additives may induce non-classical crystalline structures of gas hydrates. To verify these results, crystallographic and spectroscopic experiments must be performed. The stabilities of these new compounds are under study.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Dortmund.

The structural adhesives widely used in structural strengthening applications are thermoset ambient cure adhesive polymers. At ambient temperatures, these polymers are in a relatively hard and inflexible state. At higher temperatures, the material becomes soft and flexible. The region where the molecular mobility changes dramatically is known as the glass transition temperature Tg and often is presented as a single value. Epoxy polymers exhibit a significant reduction in mechanical properties near glass transition temperature Tg when they are exposed to elevated temperatures. Glass transition temperature Tg is used to characterise the change in epoxy adhesive properties with changing temperature. The mechanical properties of epoxies tend to improve with curing temperature. This is because the crosslink density between the adhesive molecular structures increases during the curing process consequently the Tg improves. The aims of this work are first to demonstrate the importance of curing temperature. Second, to investigate the influence of glass transition temperature !! improvement on the performance of EB-FRP strengthened steel structures in flexure at ambient and elevated temperatures. Third, to compare analytical results with experimental results from the flexure tests results. Finally, to compare the current design guideline recommendations with the flexure tests results. The most commonly used methods to evaluate Tg Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to study Tg. Two off-shelf structural adhesives were investigated to understand their property variation with temperature. Epoxy coupons were cured at different elevated temperature and humidity environments up to 28 days. A combination of two extreme relative humidity of 0 and 100% and variable curing temperatures between 15 to 80°C were considered. From a test matrix of 300 DMA and over 250 DSC coupons these conclusions were drawn. First, ambient cured thermosets have a linear relationship between Tg and curing temperature, but Tg is reduced if a certain temperature is reached. Second, a fully cured adhesive requires heating treatment. Without a curing regime, designed Tg may never be achieved. Finally, curing time is crucial at the low curing temperatures while it is less significant at the higher curing temperature. The results of Tg investigation were used to select appropriate curing temperature that the adhesives resistance to temperature can be maximised without damaging the mechanical properties. The study helps designs to understand and assess the behaviour of these two adhesives when they are exposed to extreme temperatures. The study increases the awareness that a fully cured adhesive may never be achieved at ambient or low temperatures. It is important to find the mechanical properties and Tg when the coupons are exposed to the same curing temperature. To investigate the influence of glass transition temperature Tg improvement on the performance of EB-FRP strengthened steel structures in flexure at ambient and elevated temperature, nine three metre length beams were designed to behave as a concrete-steel composite bridge deck. The beams were tested in four-point bending. Lap shear, DMA test, and pull-off adhesion samples were prepared and cured at the same conditions and tested at ambient temperature. Six beams were tested under only mechanically loading at ambient temperature, including the control specimen. Five beams were tested at ambient temperature to show the effects of adhesive curing on FRP strengthened sections. A significant increase of load capacity of the adhesive joints was achieved due to the curing of the joints at elevated temperature. The failure occurred was in the same manner. An increase in the load capacity was observed with increasing curing temperature. An increase of approximately 25% was noticed in the ultimate load capacity of the specimens cured at 50°C compared to the specimens cured at 30°C. The load capacity of lap-shear specimens cured at 50°C was 28% higher than the specimens cured at 30°C. Three specimens were tested under mechanical and thermal loading. A bespoke thermal chamber was designed and fabricated to apply a controlled thermal loading. The beams were loaded mechanically up to 350kN, first. The temperature of the specimens was then increased at a rate of 0.8°C/min. The sustained load 350kN remained constant during the heating phase. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was used to detect the slippage of the tip of the FRP plates. The only specimen cured at 30°C showed relatively poor performance compared to the two specimens cured at 50°C. The plate ends started to slip when the adhesive storage modulus from the DMA runs reduced approximately by 15 and 18% for the beams cured at 30 and 50°C respectively. Pull-off adhesion tests confirmed that adequate surface preparation of over 25 MPa was achieved The flexural model for the composite steel section represented to predicate load-deflection behaviour of the specimens using semi-experimental constitutive material law. The model successfully predicts the load-deflection behaviour of specimens, considering the strain hardening contribution. A bond stress analysis is also presented, which counts for the effect of FRP plate moment effect. The experimental and theoretical FRP plate slippage assuming only adhesive degradation with temperature are compared. The analytical bond models cannot predict the experimental failure because the linear elastic material properties were assumed and the failure was adhesion.

In this work differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy [FT-IR] and polarized light microscopy will be employed to characterize polymeric systems. The first chapter broadly covers polymer synthesis and important characterization methods. In the second chapter, a polyamide (PA12) will be sintered via a novel additive manufacturing (AM) technology developed here at USF termed LAPS (Large Area Projection Sintering). LAPS uses extended sintering timespans to ensure complete melting and densification of the polymer powder over the entire two-dimensional area of the part’s footprint. Further, it allows for the printed layer to crystallize and shrink in its entirety as the temperature falls below the crystallization temperature prior to the next layer being added. The printed parts (termed coupons) will be assayed by DSC and polarized light microscopy to determine sintering efficacy. Additionally, the parts will be compared to coupons printed with conventional methods to show that the USF AM technology shows superior elongation at break (EaB), with comparable ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young’s Modulus to laser sintered coupons. This is notable as conventional AM methods produce parts which usually compromise between EaB and modulus. The EaB of LAPS-printed parts is comparable to injection molding (IM) grade PA12, which is remarkable as IM grade PA12 powder normally has higher molecular weight and limited crystallinity. The reduced crystallinity of IM grade PA12 parts is thought to be due to the high shear rates during injection and fast cooling rates post-fabrication. Further, the USF LAPS parts show minimal or no detectable porosity. Porosity is an artifact of the sintering process which conventional techniques like laser sintering (LS) have little ability to mitigate, as higher energy wattages simply burn and degrade the polymer surface with insufficient time available for heat transfer and bulk melt flow. Porosity is documented as one of the leading causes of part failure and decreased mechanical properties in the literature, and as such the USF AM technology is in the process of being patented as of March, 2018. Chapters three through six will explore a phenomenon first noticed by clinicians at the James A. Haley Veterans Hospital. They observed that starch-thickened drinks for patients suffering from dysphagia became dangerously thinned down upon addition of the osmotic drug polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350, marketed as Miralax®. Starch-based hydrocolloids are common thickeners used for patients with dysphagia, and so any incompatibility with such a ubiquitous drug as PEG 3350 poses an immediate danger. Patients with the disorder can suffer increased rates of aspiration-related pneumonia, incurring up to nearly a 60% fatality rate within a year. Chances for aspiration greatly increase for food items which are too inviscid to safely swallow. Rheology and FT-IR spectroscopy will be used to show that the breakdown of the starch network in aqueous solution is dependent upon the molecular weight of PEG. As the molecular weight of PEG is reduced to that of a small molecule (~300MW) from its large drug form (3350MW), the structure stabilizes and can resist shearing forces in a steady shear rheological experiment. Spectroscopy will show that PEG molecular weight also influences syneresis and the crystallinity of the starch hydrocolloid solutions. It is postulated that the molecular weight of PEG influences its miscibility in starch solutions, and its ability to interrupt the hydrogen bonding and entanglements which maintain the elastic framework which allow starch thickeners to impart viscosity and resist shearing forces. When this framework collapses, absorbed water is expelled as evidenced as a biphasic separation where water collects on top of the starch suspension. This was the phenomenon observed by the clinicians at the Veterans’ Hospital.

abstract: Microplastics are emerging to be major problem when it comes to water pollution and they pose a great threat to marine life. These materials have the potential to affect a wide range of human population since humans are the major consumers of marine organisms. Microplastics are less than 5 mm in diameter, and can escape from traditional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes and end up in our water sources. Due to their small size, they have a large surface area and can react with chlorine, which it encounters in the final stages of WWTP. After the microplastics accumulate in various bodies of water, they are exposed to sunlight, which contains oxidative ultraviolet (UV) light. Since the microplastics are exposed to oxidants during and after the treatment, there is a strong chance that they will undergo chemical and/or physical changes. The WWTP conditions were replicated in the lab by varying the concentrations of chlorine from 70 to 100 mg/L in increments of 10 mg/L and incubating the samples in chlorine baths for 1–9 days. The chlorinated samples were tested for any structural changes using Raman spectroscopy. High density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP) were treated in chlorine baths and observed for Raman intensity variations, Raman peak shifts, and the formation of new peaks over different exposure times. HDPE responded with a lot of oxidation peaks and shifts of peaks after just one day. For the degradation of semi-crystalline polymers, there was a reduction in crystallinity, as verified by thermal analysis. There was a decrease in the enthalpy of melting as well as the melting temperature with an increase in the exposure time or chlorine concentration, which pointed at the degradation of plastics and bond cleavages. To test the plastic response to ii UV, the samples were exposed to sunlight for up to 210 days and analyzed under Raman spectroscopy. Overall the physical and chemical changes with the polymers are evident and makes a way for the wastewater treatment plant to take necessary steps to capture the microplastics to avoid the release of any kind of degraded microplastics that could affect marine life and the environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_ct_me_araiq.pdf: 1088956 bytes, checksum: 402dbea0e897be85564f3e72b517c901 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Carbonatos de Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) e Zn(II) foram preparados por adição lenta da solução saturada de hidrogeno carbonato de sódio com gotejamento contínuo às soluções dos respectivos cloretos metálicos, exceto para o cobre, até a total precipitação do íon metálico. Os precipitados foram lavados com água destilada para eliminar os íons cloretos e teste qualitativo com solução de AgNO3/HNO3 foi realizado para confirmar a ausência destes, e após isso, foi mantida em suspensão. Os compostos no estado sólido foram preparados pela mistura dos respectivos carbonatos metálicos com o ácido 2-metoxibenzóico (2-MeO-HBz). A suspensão aquosa foi aquecida lentamente próximo da ebulição até neutralização total dos carbonatos. As soluções resultantes depois de arrefecidas foram mantidas em banho de gelo para recristalizar o ácido em excesso e filtradas. Assim, as soluções aquosas dos metoxibenzoatos metálicos foram concentradas em banho maria e o precipitado seco resultante deste processo colocado em um dessecador contendo cloreto de cálcio. O composto de cobre devido a sua baixa solubilidade foi preparado pela adição lenta com gotejamento contínuo de solução do 2-metoxibenzoato de sódio 0.1 mol L-1 à solução de sulfato de cobre, até a total precipitação do íon cobre e o precipitado lavado com água destilada para eliminação do íon sulfato e teste qualitativo de confirmação realizado com BaCl2 0.1 mol L-1, em seguida filtrada em papel de filtro Whatman 40 e o precipitado após seco foi colocado em dessecador contendo cloreto de cálcio. Os compostos sintetizados foram investigados por meio de espectroscopia de infravermelho, difratometria de raio X pelo método do pó, termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial simultânea (TG-DTA), termogravimetria, termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e outros métodos de análise. / Carbonates of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) were prepared by adding slowly with continuous stirring saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to the corresponding metal chloride solutions (except copper), until total precipitation of the metal ions. The precipitates were washed with distilled water until elimination of chloride ions (qualitative test with AgNO3/HNO3 solution) and maintained in aqueous suspension. olid state Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) compounds were prepared by mixing the respective metal carbonates with 2-methoxybenzoic acid 99% (2-MeO-HBz) obtained from Aldrich, in slight excess. The aqueous suspension was heated slowly up to near ebullition, until total neutralization of the respective carbonates. The resulting solutions after cooled were maintained in an ice bath to recrystallize the acid in excess and filtered through a Whatman nº 40 filter paper. Thus, the aqueous solutions of the respective metal 2-methoxybenzoates were evaporated in a water bath until near dryness and kept in a desiccator over calcium chloride. The copper compound due to its low solubility was prepared by adding slowly, with continuous stirring, the aqueous solution of Na-2-MeO-Bz 0.1 mol L-1 to the respective metal sulphate solution, until total precipitation of the metal ions. The precipitate was washed with distilled water until elimination of the sulphate ion, filtered through and dried on Whatman no42 filter paper, and kept in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride, under reduced pressure to constant mass. The compounds were investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray powder diffractometry, simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Thermogravimetry derivative termogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and other methods of analysis.

Considerando a importância crescente das técnicas termoanalíticas na indústria e na pesquisa contemporânea, torna-se necessário apresentá-las de forma adequada aos alunos de cursos de graduação, não apenas de química, mas de ciência dos materiais, física, farmácia, das diversas modalidades de engenharia, entre outros. Por outro lado, pode-se notar que isso raramente acontece, por diversos motivos, como falta de equipamentos, falta de experimentos demonstrativos das técnicas e até mesmo de falta de preparo dos docentes, com relação ao conhecimento dos fundamentos das técnicas e normalização de nomenclatura. No sentido de contribuir com o ensino de Análise Térmica em nosso país, este trabalho teve por objetivo buscar informações históricas e compilar e/ou desenvolver experimentos didáticos que possam ser usados na demonstração de conceitos teóricos e aspectos práticos das técnicas termoanalíticas mais usadas no Brasil, como a Termogravimetria (TGA), Termogravimetria Derivada (DTG), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Para avaliar o efeito didático do material desenvolvido foi proposto um curso extracurricular no tema Análise Térmica, chamado \"Princípios e Aplicações de Análise Térmica\", em nível de graduação na forma de curso de Difusão Cultural, apoiado pela Pró-Reitoria de Cultura e Extensão da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Participaram 12 alunos de graduação e 3 alunos de pós-graduação, estes últimos como ouvintes. Os participantes receberam material didático escrito, na forma de uma apostila, instruções teóricas e aulas práticas, envolvendo experimentos com problemas práticos contextualizados, em Análise Térmica. A avaliação do curso foi feita com base em questionários sobre expectativas dos alunos em relação ao curso, seus conhecimentos prévios e aqueles obtidos ao final do curso. Os questionários foram aplicados antes e após as atividades. A avaliação de conteúdo foi feita usando questões sobre o tópico abordado e revelou significativo ganho de conhecimento desses alunos em relação às técnicas termoanalíticas. Assim, atingiu-se o esperado, contribuindo de alguma maneira para o ensino de Análise Térmica e sua aplicação nos cursos de graduação, envolvendo Termogravimetria, Termogravimetria Derivada, Análise Térmica Diferencial e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial. / Considering the increasing relevance of the thermoanalytical techniques in both industry and contemporary research, it becomes interesting to present such techniques in a proper way to undergraduate students, not only in chemistry, but also in materials science, physics, pharmacy, the several areas of engineering, and other potential users of these techniques. Moreover it can be noted that this rarely happens due to many reasons such as unavailability of equipments, to demonstrate the experimental details and even lacking in knowledge of professors regarding the fundamentals of the techniques and standardization in nomenclature. In order to contribute to the Thermal Analysis education in Brazil, this study aimed to seek historical information and compilation and/or development of didactic experiments that can be used in the demonstration of theoretical concepts and practical aspects of the most commonly used thermoanalytical techniques, such as Thermogravimetry (TGA), Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Beyond that, it was necessary to apply these contents with undergraduate volunteer students. Therefore, an extracurricular Thermal Analysis course in this subject, named \"Principles and Applications of Thermal Analysis\", supported by the Dean of Culture of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) was offered. Twelve undergraduate and three graduate students from four Universities of São Paulo State attended the course. These students received educational written materials in the form of a handout, instructions in theoretical aspects and practical sessions involving experiments, represented by practical problems in Thermal Analysis. The course evaluation was based on questionnaires about students\' expectations and their previous knowledge and that obtained by the end of the activity. The scope evaluation was made using questions about the topics covered and revealed significant improvement in the knowledge of the students regarding the thermoanalytical techniques covered in the course. Thus the expectations of the dissertation have been satisfied in developing a written material for thermal analysis education covering historical aspects as well as, theoretical and practical concepts of Thermogravimetry, Differential Thermal Analysis, Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry and their application to undergraduate courses.

O objetivo deste estudo é realizar a caracterização térmica, resistência à flexão e o grau de conversão de um compósito nanoparticulado (Filtek Supreme XT: FT) e um microhíbrido (Esthet X: ET), cor A2, submetidos a diferentes tratamentos térmicos. Os grupos experimentais foram: G1: sem tratamento; G2: pré-aquecimento à 68°C com dispositivo Calset; G3: pós-aquecimento em forno MP-130, 10°C/min até 140°C e G4: pré e pós-aquecimento. Depois da fotoativação, foram realizadas análise termogravimétrica e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) para determinar a estabilidade térmica dos compósitos, temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), pico de exotermia e calor liberado após fotoativação. O ensaio de resistência à flexão foi realizado 24h após armazenagem dos corpos de prova em água destilada a 37°C. A análise do grau de conversão foi realizada com espectrofotômetro FT-Raman. Análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05) demonstraram que os compósitos FT e ET têm 25,8% e 23,7% de matriz orgânica em peso respectivamente e estabilidade térmica até 200°C. O pico exotérmico do G2 (63,5°C) é maior do que G1 (60,9°C). Os grupos G3 e G4 não apresentaram pico exotérmico e calor liberado. A tg é de aproximadamente 160,5°C para o FT e de 161,4°C para o ET. A resistência à flexão (MPa) e grau de conversão(%) foram respectivamente: G1 (149,1; 60)=G2(152,5; 56,4) e G3 (170,5; 72,6)=G4 (178,2; 71,8) . O compósito ET apresenta maior grau de conversão que FT. À partir da caracterização térmica foi possível observar que o pré-aquecimento em condições não isotérmicas não promoveu maior conversão e resistência à flexão. O tratamento térmico deve ser realizado acima de 160°C. / The aim of this study was to perform the thermal characterization,flexural strength and degree of conversion of two composites, a nanofilled (Filtek Supreme XT: FT) and a microhybrid (Esthet X: ET), shade A2, submitted to different thermal treatments. Methods: The experimental groups were: G1: no treatment; G2: preheated at 68°C with Calset device; G3: post-heated in a MP-130 (EDG) oven, 10 °C/min up to reach 140°C for 20min and G4: pre and post-heated. After curing, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried to determine thermal stability of the composites, glass transition temperature (Tg), exothermic peak and heat releasing after photoactivation. Three-point flexural test was performed after stored in water at 37oC for 24 hours. Degree of conversion was determined using a spectrophotometer FT-Raman. Analysis of variance and Tukey\'s test (P<0.05) showed that FT and ET composites have 25.8% and 23.7% of organic matrix in weight respectively and thermal stability at 200°C. The G2 group release more heat (9.9J/g) than G1 (7.3J/g). Exothermic peak of G2 group (63.5°C) is higher than G1 (60.9°C). G3 and G4 groups did not show exothermic peak and heat releasing. ET composite of G2 group presented the highest exothermic peak (65.2°C) of all groups. The Tg is nearly 160.5°C to FT and 161.4°C to ET. Flexural strength (MPa) and degree of conversion (%) were respectively: G1(149.1; 60) = G2(152.5; 56.4) and G3 (170.5; 72.6) = G4 (178,2; 71,8). ET composite presented higher conversion values than FT. Pre-heating at non-isothermal conditions does not promote higher conversion and flexural strength. Heat treatment after cure can be carried through 160°C.

A maior parte de toda a energia consumida no mundo provém do petróleo, carvão e gás natural (87% da matriz energética mundial). No entanto, essas fontes não renováveis possuem previsão de esgotamento em um futuro próximo. Além disso, são poluidores, afetando o meio ambiente, motivando a sociedade buscar fontes alternativas para mitigar esses problemas. O biodiesel, como alternativa de combustível, começou a ser estudado em 1937, e hoje mostra ser uma alternativa eficiente e não poluidora à utilização do diesel mineral. O estudo presente foi realizado com amostras de biodieseis obtidos utilizando catalisadores enzimáticos. Essa rota vem sendo investigada no país por diversos pesquisadores, e vem mostrando que o uso da enzima como catalisador minimiza os problemas relativos às etapas finais de purificação do biodiesel, pois reduz a ocorrência das reações indesejáveis de saponificação e permite uma simplificação e redução dos custos dos processos pela diminuição do número de operações associadas. Para ser um substituto, o biodiesel precisa se enquadrar em normas, no caso do Brasil, a resolução nº 42 da ANP (Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis) de 2004. Além disso, deve possuir qualidades que viabilize a sua substituição. Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar o estudo térmico utilizando a Termogravimetria (TG) e a Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) dos biodieseis de babaçu, palma e sebo bovino obtidos pela rota enzimática e suas respectivas matérias-primas. Com os resultados da TG em atmosfera Inerte, foi possível analisar a volatilidade desses biodieseis, e também verificar o seu enquadramento no parâmetro de destilação da resolução nº 42 da ANP. A TG em atmosfera oxidativa possibilitou comparar esses biodieseis em relação às suas estabilidades termo-oxidativas. Também foram realizados o Estudo Cinético das curvas TG, visando o valor da energia de ativação das primeiras etapas de cada curva, utilizando o modelo matemático Ozawa. O estudo cinético das curvas TG em atmosfera de nitrogênio mostrou que a energia de ativação e a temperatura de inicio da degradação têm uma relação direta. / Most of all energy consumed worldwide comes from oil, coal and natural gas (87% of global energy production). However, these non-renewable resources are expected to exhaust in the near future. Moreover, they are polluters, affecting the environment, prompting the company to seek alternative sources to mitigate these problems. Biodiesel as alternative fuel, that began to be studied in 1937 and today has proved an efficient and non-polluting alternative to the use of mineral diesel. The present study was performed with babassu, palm and tallow biodiesel obtained using enzymatic catalysts. This route has been investigated by several researchers in the country, and has shown that the use of enzyme as catalyst minimizes the problems related to the final stages of purification of biodiesel, it reduces the occurrence of undesirable reactions of saponification and allows for simplification and cost reduction processes by reducing the number of associated operations. To be a substitute, biodiesel must fit in standards, in the case of Brazil, the resolution No. 42 of the ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels), 2004. Also this biofuel must posses qualities thet might allow the replacement. This work aims to realize the thermal studies using thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of babassu, palm and tallow biodiesel obtained by enzymatic route and also their raw materials. With the results of TG in an inert atmosphere, it was possible to analyze the volatility of biodieseis, and also check your guidelines on the parameter of the distillation of Resolution No. 42 of the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP). The TG analysis of biodiesel in oxidative atmosphere turns possible to study their thermo-oxidative stabilities. Also, it was performed a kinetic study of the TG curves, seeking the value of activation energy of the first steps of each curve, using the mathematical model Ozawa. The kinetic study of the TG curves in nitrogen atmosphere showed that the activation energy and temperature of the beginning of degradation have a direct relationship.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bento_RonaldoEuzebio_M.pdf: 1080016 bytes, checksum: c783e50a51346a7d89eb82f52976eb49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esse trabalho concentra os estudos na investigação das propriedades de resistência a tração e alongamento do compósito de Politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) com 60% de bronze após a substituição do tipo de PTFE utilizado na formulação desse compósito. Atualmente esse compósito utiliza PTFE convencional na formulação e o objetivo é alterar para PTFE modificado. A motivação para essa alteração deveu-se ao fato que o PTFE convencional apresenta disponibilidade limitada dificultando o desenvolvimento dos segmentos que utilizam os compósitos de PTFE com 60% de bronze. A escolha do PTFE modificado para a substituição do PTFE convencional na formulação do compósito de PTFE com 60% de bronze deveu-se ao fato que polímero puro de PTFE modificado apresenta propriedades mecânicas e químicas superiores ao polímero puro de PTFE convencional, além de não apresentar limitações de disponibilidade, possibilitando a continuidade do crescimento dos segmentos industriais. A escolha do compósito de PTFE com 60% de bronze deveu-se ao fato que essa formulação é a mais empregada no segmento automobilístico para a fabricação de anéis para amortecedores e retentores. Após a substituição da resina de PTFE, os resultados demonstraram que o compósito de PTFE modificado com 60% de bronze apresentou propriedades inferiores ao compósito fabricado com PTFE convencional. A queda dessas propriedades pode estar relacionada com possíveis micros fissuras na estrutura do compósito em virtude de ar preso durante o processo de fabricação / Abstract: This work focuses on research studies of the properties of tensile strength and elongation of the composite of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with 60% bronze after replacing the type of PTFE used in the formulation of this compound. Currently, this composite uses conventional PTFE in the formulation and the objective is to change to modified PTFE. The motivation for this change was due to the fact that the conventional PTFE has limited availability hindering the development of the segments that use the PTFE composite with 60% bronze. The choice of PTFE modified PTFE to replace the conventional formulation of the composite with 60% PTFE bronze was due to the fact that pure polymer modified PTFE has superior mechanical and chemical properties of the pure polymer PTFE conventional, and not present availability limitations, enabling the continued growth of industries. The choice of the composite with 60% PTFE bronze due to the fact that this formulation is the most used in the automotive sector for the manufacture of rings and seals for shock absorbers / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química