The study of the bioeffects of ultrasound and their etiology is of fundamental importance as a part of basic biophysics. In general, the most fruitful approach to the study of bioeffects of physical agents is the mechanistic one. The ultrasonic mechanisms include the mechanical effect, convective effect, cavitation effect, and thermal effect. In this research, the test skin was radiated the ultrasound using the medical equipment and analyzed the permeation of skin. However, it is not sufficiently to analyze the quantitative of the sonophoresis by the medical equipment setup. To solve the above-mentioned problem, the oscillation of the stratum corneum in response to the ultrasound radiation is simulated using Rayleigh-Plesset¡¦s bubble activation theory. To calculate the resonance frequency domain of bubbles attached of pig skin which is around 15 to 36 kHz that called low frequency and it caused gas body activation on test skin. We choose 20 kHz in the resonance frequency domain to compared with 10, 60 kHz as non-resonance frequency. 1.9 and 13.6 mW/cm2 of the sound intensity which are respectively lower and higher than cavitation threshold intensity are used. The result of low frequency sonophoresis presented that high permeation rate is caused by resonance frequency 20 kHz. And according to the experiment, it is also proved that the experiment of low frequency sonophoresis only took 1/160 of the sound intensity and 1/4 of the time for the high frequency sonophoresis. Furthermore, the research examined the uniformity of the sound field, and a wedge is designed to make a diffused field to compare the effect between a uniform one and its contrast. The result presented that the permeating drug with uninformative field is twice the amount of the normal exposure ultrasound field. Based on the above results, the changes of frequency, sound intensity and sound field uniformity, the enhancement effects of the sonophoresis will be achieved.

Abstract Ultrasonic technique is widely used in medical application and food industry; however, much work has focused on harmful biological effects of tissues and cells by ultrasound exposure; only little information is mentioned about the beneficial biological effects of ultrasound. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to observe the beneficial biological activities of Paramecium induced by ultrasound exposure. Since the structure or biophysical will stimulated into the interaction between ultrasound and living matter. When multi-cell creature is exposed by ultrasound, this reaction will lead the biological effect becomes complex. Therefore, a single cell creature is chosen to understand the beneficial biological effects induced by ultrasound exposure. The oscillation of the monad in response to the ultrasound radiation is simulated using Rayleigh-Plesset¡¦s bubble activation theory. The resonance frequency of the unicellular creature is then calculated. The diffuse field theory of Sabine is used to create a uniform sound field for the radiation experiment. The images obtained from a microscope can be analyzed and recorded by a personal computer. The number of cells was counted in the haemacytometer after irradiation. The calculated resonant frequency range of the Paramecium shape is 0.2~0.27 MHz. The relative growth rate of the Paramecium suspensions exposed to ultrasound was about 20% slower than that of unexposed sample. It was found that the phenomenon of inhibition and destruction appeared during irradiation. Also, the growth curve is retarded during the period. The resonance frequency of the Paramecium vacuole is 0.5~1.09 MHz. The maximum relative growth rate was increasing 18% with 1MHz irradiation.

The prevalence of concrete and cement-based materials in the civil infrastructure plus the risk of failure makes structural health monitoring an important issue in the understanding of the complete life cycle of civil structures. Correspondingly, the field of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) has been maturing and now concentrates on the detection of flaws and defects, as well as material damage in early stages of degradation. This defect detection is typically usually done by looking at the impulse response of the medium in question such as a cement-based material. The impulse response of a solid can be used to image a complex medium. Classically, the waveform is obtained by an active setup: an ultrasonic signal is generated at one location and recorded at another location. The waveform obtained from imaging can be used to quantitatively characterize the medium, for example by calculating the material's diffusivity coefficient or dissipation rate. In recent years, a different monitoring technique has been developed in seismology to measure the velocity of different kinds of waves, the Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). In this CWI technique, the main focus is given to the late part of the recorded waveform, the coda. CWI is now successfully used in seismology and acoustics. In the current research, CWI is applied on concrete in different damage states to develop basic knowledge of the behavior of the wave velocity, and how it can be used to characterize cement-based materials. By comparing two impulse responses, the relative velocity change between the two impulse responses is used to characterize damage. Because of the stress-dependency of the velocity change, the calculations can also be used to directly calculate the Murnaghan's and Lam´e's coefficients. The newer technique of CWI is applied - the Stretching Technique (ST) [27]. The first goal of this research is to establish the viability of using CWI in cement-based materials. Next, we use the ST in the application of stress as we compress concrete samples for the detection of thermal damage, ASR-damage and mechanical softening.

Recent theoretical and experimental studies in a wide range of applications (ultrasonics, underwater acoustics, seismicoe) have demonstrated that Green's functions (impulse responses) can be extracted from cross-correlation of diffuse fields using only passive sensors. The technique, whose validity is supported by a physical argument based on time-reversal invariance, effectively uses a correlation process between the point source and points located in the focal zone. Indeed, the coherent noise source distributions can be considered as a timereversal mirror and the cross-correlation operations gives the field measured at one receiver after refocusing on the other receiver. Passive-only reconstruction of coherent Lamb waves (80-200 kHz) in an aluminum plate and thickness comparable to aircraft fuselage and wing panels will be presented. In particular, the influence of the noise source characteristics (location, frequency spectrum) on the signal-to-noise ratio the emerging coherent waveform will be investigated using a scanning laser Doppler velocimeter. This study suggests the potential for a structural health monitoring method for aircraft panels based on passive ultrasound imaging reconstructed from diffuse fields.

Penser les traitements du son spatialisés en ambisonie permet de mettre en valeur le potentiel musical de la décomposition du champ sonore en harmoniques sphériques, et amène à redéfinir la représentation de l’espace sonore. Cette thèse défend que les représentations abstraites et intermédiaires de l’espace sonore permettent d’élaborer de nouvelles approches originales de la mise en espace du son. Le raisonnement amenant à cette affirmation commence par l’appropriation musicale de l’approche ambisonique. La création de nouveaux traitements de l’espace et du son amène à utiliser de manière originale les signaux associés aux harmoniques sphériques, et à concevoir différemment les relations qui les régissent, ainsi que leur hiérarchisation. La particularité de ces approches expérimentales et les caractéristiques singulières des champs sonores générés, nécessitent de concevoir de nouveaux outils théoriques et pratiques pour leur analyse et leur restitution. Les changements opérés permettent alors de libérer cette approche des enjeux techniques et matériels initiaux en ambisonie. Mais ils permettent surtout de s’émanciper des modèles psychoacoustiques et acoustiques sur lesquels ces techniques reposent originellement. Dans ce contexte, les signaux associés aux harmoniques sphériques ne sont plus nécessairement une représentation rationnelle du champ sonore, mais deviennent une représentation abstraite de l’espace sonore possédant en soi, un potentiel musical. Cette thèse propose alors un nouveau modèle de spatialisation fondé sur une décomposition matricielle de l’espace sonore permettant de valider les hypothèses. / The creation of sound effects in space with Ambisonics highlights the musical potential of sound field decomposition by spherical harmonics, and redefines the representation of the sound space. This thesis defends that the abstract and intermediate representations of the sound space make it possible to develop new original approaches to sound spatialization. The reasoning that leads to this affirmation begins with the musical appropriation of the ambisonic approach. The creation of new space and sound processing patterns in Ambisonics leads to an original way of using signals associated with spherical harmonics, and to a different conception of the relations between them, and their hierarchization. The specificities of these experimental approaches and the singular characteristics of the sound fields generated call for the design of new theoretical and practical tools, for their analysis and restitution. The performed changes make it possible to free this approach from the initial technical and material issues of Ambisonics. But above all, it emancipates this approach from the psychoacoustic and acoustic models on which ambisonic techniques are originally defined. In this context, the signals associated with spherical harmonics are no longer necessarily a rational representation of the sound field but become an abstract representation of the sound space possessing in itself a musical potential. To validate the hypotheses, this thesis then proposes a new spatialization model based on a matrix decomposition of the sound space.