Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Schnepper Lacerda.pdf: 2047594 bytes, checksum: f0234089904caa6e03e22d3efba8394c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soybean cultivation is of great importance to the Brazilian economy, and one of the major obstacles to its high productivity is the Asian soybean rust, a disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. The main measure to control the damage caused by this disease is the application of fungicides at the appropriate time, but the biggest obstacle to its implementation is the difficult detection of Asian rust in its early stages. In this sense, remote sensing combined with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has potential for disease detection, especially for providing information that is hard to assess by traditional means, and for the advantages of quality and cost of this technology. The present work explores the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to detect and predict the severity of Asian soybean rust by use of digital image processing and data mining techniques for retrieval of predictive models of severity in different development stages. The models obtained showed satisfactory potential for Asian rust detection, and a high correlation between disease severity and the visible spectrum (RGB camera), as it was possible to obtain correlation coefficients greater than 93% after the R5 development stage of the soybean crop. / O cultivo da soja (Glycine max) é importante para a economia brasileira, sendo que um dos principais obstáculos à alta produtividade na lavoura é a ferrugem asiática, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi. O principal fator para o controle de danos causados por essa doença é a aplicação de fungicidas em momento apropriado, porém o maior obstáculo para uso dessa medida é a difícil detecção da ferrugem asiática em estágios iniciais. Nesse sentido, o sensoriamento remoto aliado ao uso de veículos aéreos remotamente pilotados apresenta potencial para detecção da doença, principalmente por fornecer informação de difícil acesso aos meios tradicionais e pelas vantagens de qualidade e custo dessa tecnologia. O presente trabalho explora o uso de veículos aéreos remotamente pilotados para detecção e predição de severidade da ferrugem asiática da soja, associados a técnicas de processamento digital de imagens e de mineração de dados, visando a obtenção de modelos preditivos de severidade nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da soja. Os modelos obtidos demonstraram potencial para a detecção da ferrugem asiática, e uma boa correlação da severidade da doença com o espectro visível (câmera RGB), ao passo que foi possível obter coeficientes de correlação maiores que 93% utilizando o algoritmo SMOREG após o estádio R5 de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja.

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5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">The </span><span lang="sr-Latn-RS" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:#241A;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">t</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">hesis investigates development, improvement and evaluation of methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images and similarity measurements between digital images. Methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images are increasingly used in applications in which error can </span><span lang="sr-Latn-RS" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:#241A;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">have crtical consequences, </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">but the traditional methods for shape quantification are of low precision and accuracy. </span><span lang="sr-Latn-RS" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:#241A;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">In the thesis is shown </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">that the </span><span lang="sr-Latn-RS" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:#241A;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">coverage of a pixel by a shape can</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> be used to highly improve the accuracy and precision of using digital images to estimate the maximal distance between objects </span><span lang="sr-Latn-RS" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:.5pt;mso-ansi-language:#241A;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">furthest points measured in a given direction. It is highly desirable that a distance measure between digital images can be related to a certain shape property and morphological operations are used when defining a distance for this purpose. Still, the distances defined in this manner turns out to be insufficiently sensitive to relevant data representing shape properties in images. We show that the idea of adaptive mathematical morphology can be used successfully to overcome problems related to sensitivity of distances defined via morphological operations when comparing objects from their digital image representations.</span></p> / <p>У тези су размотрени развој, побољшање и евалуација метода за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката приказаних дигиталним сликама, као и мере растојања између дигиталних слика. Методе за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката представљених дигиталним сликама се&nbsp; све више користе у применама у којима грешка може имати критичне последице, а традиционалне методе за&nbsp; квантитативну карактеризацију су мале прецизности и тачности. У тези се показује да се коришћењем информације о покривеност пиксела обликом може значајно побољшати прецизност и тачност оцене растојања између две најудаљеније тачке облика мерено у датом правцу. Веома је пожељно да мера растојања између дигиталних слика може да се веже за одређену особину облика и морфолошке операције се користе приликом дефинисања растојања у ту сврху. Ипак, растојања дефинисана на овај начин показују се недовољно осетљива на релевантне податке дигиталних слика који представљају особине облика. У тези се показује да идеја адаптивне математичке морфологије може успешно да се користи да би се превазишао поменути&nbsp; проблем осетљивости растојања дефинисаних користећи морфолошке операције.</p> / <p>U tezi su razmotreni razvoj, poboljšanje i evaluacija metoda za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata prikazanih digitalnim slikama, kao i mere rastojanja između digitalnih slika. Metode za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata predstavljenih digitalnim slikama se&nbsp; sve više koriste u primenama u kojima greška može imati kritične posledice, a tradicionalne metode za&nbsp; kvantitativnu karakterizaciju su male preciznosti i tačnosti. U tezi se pokazuje da se korišćenjem informacije o pokrivenost piksela oblikom može značajno poboljšati preciznost i tačnost ocene rastojanja između dve najudaljenije tačke oblika mereno u datom pravcu. Veoma je poželjno da mera rastojanja između digitalnih slika može da se veže za određenu osobinu oblika i morfološke operacije se koriste prilikom definisanja rastojanja u tu svrhu. Ipak, rastojanja definisana na ovaj način pokazuju se nedovoljno osetljiva na relevantne podatke digitalnih slika koji predstavljaju osobine oblika. U tezi se pokazuje da ideja adaptivne matematičke morfologije može uspešno da se koristi da bi se prevazišao pomenuti&nbsp; problem osetljivosti rastojanja definisanih koristeći morfološke operacije.</p>

Esta tese apresentada uma proposta de desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para metrologia com microtomografia computadorizada que possa ser implantada em sistemas de microtomógrafos convencionais. O estudo concentra-se nas diferentes técnicas de detecção de borda utilizadas em processamento de imagens digitais.Para compreender a viabilidade do desenvolvimento da ferramenta optou-se por utilizar o Matlab 2010a. A ferramenta computacional proposta é capaz de medir objetos circulares e retangulares. As medidas podem ser horizontais ou circulares, podendo ser realizada várias medidas de uma mesma imagem, uma medida de várias imagens ou várias medidas de várias imagens. As técnicas processamento de imagens digitais implementadas são a limiarização global com escolha do threshold manualmente baseado no histograma da imagem ou automaticamente pelo método de Otsu, os filtros de passa-alta no domínio do espaço Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, LoG e Canny e medida entre os picos mais externos da 1 e 2 derivada da imagem. Os resultados foram validados através de comparação com os resultados de teste realizados pelo Laboratório de Ensaios Mecânicos e Metrologia (LEMec) do Intstituto Politécnico do Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Nova Friburdo- RJ e pelo Serviço Nacional da Indústria Nova Friburgo (SENAI/NF). Os resultados obtidos pela ferramenta computacional foram equivalentes aos obtidos com os instrumentos de medição utilizados, demonstrando à viabilidade de utilização da ferramenta computacional a metrologia. / This thesis presents a proposal to develop a computational tool for metrology using computed microtomography (microCT) systems that can be implemented in conventional microCT systems.This study focuses on the different techniques used for edge detection in image processing.To test the feasibility of developing the tool we chose to use the Matlab 2010a. The proposed computational tool is capable of measuring circular and rectangular objects.The measures can be horizontal or circular and can be performed several measurements of the same image, a measure of multiple images or more measures of multiple images.The techniques implemented of processing digital images are global thresholding with choice of threshold manually based on the image histogram or automatically by the Otsu method, the high-pass filter in the space domain Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, LoG and Canny and the distance between the outermost "peaks" of the 1st and 2nd derivative image.The results were validated by comparison with test results performed by the Mechanical Testing Laboratory and Metrology (LEMec) Polytechnic Intstituto of Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Nova Friburdo- RJ and the National Industry Service - Nova Friburgo (SENAI / NF).The results obtained by computational tool were equivalent to those obtained with the measuring instruments used, demonstrating the feasibility of using of computational tool for metrology.

<p>У раду је предложен нови модел за ретку апроксимацију Гаусових<br />компоненти у моделима за статистичко препознавање облика<br />заснованим на Гаусовим смешама, а са циљем редукције сложености<br />препознавања. Апроксимације инверзних коваријансних матрица<br />конструишу се као ретке линеарне комбинације симетричних матрица из<br />наученог редундантног скупа, коришћењем информационог критеријума<br />који почива на принципу минимума дискриминативне информације.<br />Ретка репрезентација подразумева релативно мали број активних<br />компоненти приликом реконструкције сигнала, а тај циљ постиже тако<br />што истовремено тежи: очувању информационог садржаја и<br />једноставности представе или репрезентације.</p> / <p>U radu je predložen novi model za retku aproksimaciju Gausovih<br />komponenti u modelima za statističko prepoznavanje oblika<br />zasnovanim na Gausovim smešama, a sa ciljem redukcije složenosti<br />prepoznavanja. Aproksimacije inverznih kovarijansnih matrica<br />konstruišu se kao retke linearne kombinacije simetričnih matrica iz<br />naučenog redundantnog skupa, korišćenjem informacionog kriterijuma<br />koji počiva na principu minimuma diskriminativne informacije.<br />Retka reprezentacija podrazumeva relativno mali broj aktivnih<br />komponenti prilikom rekonstrukcije signala, a taj cilj postiže tako<br />što istovremeno teži: očuvanju informacionog sadržaja i<br />jednostavnosti predstave ili reprezentacije.</p> / <p>Paper presents a new model for sparse approximation of Gaussian<br />components in statistical pattern recognition models that are based on<br />Gaussian mixtures, with the aim of reducing computational complexity.<br />Approximations of inverse covariance matrices are designed as sparse linear<br />combinations of symmetric matrices that form redundant set, which is learned<br />through information criterion based on the principle of minimum<br />discrimination information. Sparse representation assumes relatively small<br />number of active components in signal reconstruction, and it achieves that<br />goal by simultaneously striving for: preservation of information content and<br />simplicity of notion or representation.</p>

O Processamento e Análise Digital de Imagens é utilizado cada vez mais para agilizar processos, aumentar a precisão, segurança e confiabilidade de dados extraídos de imagens nas mais diversas áreas de pesquisa. No entanto, muitas vezes é necessário que o pesquisador faça, ele próprio, o pré-processamento das imagens, mesmo não sendo um especialista nesta área. Isto coloca em risco o próprio objetivo do uso do Processamento e Análise Digital de Imagens. Este trabalho analisa a relação dos dados extraídos de uma imagem (micrografia) através do software livre ImageJ com relação ao seu processamento final desejado, avaliando assim, a necessidade ou não, de uma ou mais sequencias de pré-processamento para adequar a imagem para o processamento final, indicando ainda quais fatores de influência apresentam informações irrelevantes ou incompletas para o processamento final utilizando ferramentas da Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que esta abordagem carece de informações diversificadas sobre a imagem original capturada que possam subsidiar a tomada de decisão quanto aos procedimentos necessários e, para o pré-processamento adequado ao objetivo desejado. / Processing and Analysis of Digital Images is increasingly used to streamline processes, improve accuracy, safety and reliability of data extracted from images in various research areas. However, it is often necessary for the researcher to make himself, the preprocessing of images, although not an expert in this area. This puts at risk the very purpose of using the Processing and Analysis of Digital Images. This paper analyzes the relationship of the data extracted from an image (micrograph) through the free software ImageJ, with respect to its desired final processing. Thus, evaluating the necessity or not, of one or more sequences of preprocessing to adjust the image to the final processing, further indicating which factors influence presents incomplete or irrelevant information for final processing using tools of Annotaded Paraconsistent Logic. The results show that this approach lacks diversified information about the original image captured that can support decision making about procedures for appropriate preprocessing to the desired goal.

A tese propõem uma metodologia, em nível de pesquisa, por intermédio do desenvolvimento e da adaptação de ferramentas de apoio computadorizado, capaz de realizar a segmentação da imagem dos discos intervertebrais da região lombar da coluna vertebral humana, de maneira semiautomática reduzindo drasticamente o tempo gasto manualmente neste procedimento, sem perder sua acurácia e, ainda, garantindo maior reprodutibilidade em seus resultados. Foram utilizadas imagens sagitais de ressonância magnética ponderadas em T2 de 285 discos intervertebrais de 70 pacientes, classificados segundo o grau de severidade da degeneração discal definido pelo critério proposto por Pfirrmann. A classificação computacional dos discos foi realizada com base em atributos quantitativos extraídos dos histogramas de níveis de cinza e de informações de textura das imagens. O desempenho dos métodos computacionais de segmentação foi avaliado com base no Coeficiente de Jaccard, na distância de Hausdorff e no Erro Médio Quadrático. O desempenho dos métodos computacionais de classificação foi também avaliado com base em medidas similares à aplicação da sensibilidade, da especificidade e da área sob a curva ROC. A segmentação manual e a classificação por inspeção visual dos discos realizadas por três profissionais experientes foram utilizadas como padrão ouro para a comparação. Os principais resultados indicaram a médio de 63,22% para o Coeficiente de Jaccard, as médias de 0,044 das distâncias de Hausdoff e de 0,014 para o EMQ na comparação entre as imagens. Além disso, a segmentação semiautomatizada diferiu em uma taxa média de 30% em relação à segmentação manual e a classificação da degeneração discal, por redes neurais artificiais difere em menos de 2%, ao ser comparada ao procedimento de classificação manual realizado pelos especialistas. / The thesis proposes a methodology at the level of research through the development and adaptation of computerized support tools, able to perform the image segmentation of the intervertebral discs of the lumbar region of the human spine, semiautomatic way dramatically reducing time spent manually in this procedure, without losing its accuracy and also ensuring more reproducible in their results. Were used sagittal MRI T2- weighted of 285 intervertebral discs from 70 patients, classified according to the severity of disc degeneration defined by the criteria proposed by Pfirrmann. The computational classification of disks was based on quantitative attributes extracted from histograms of gray level images and the texture information. The performance of computational segmentation methods was evaluated based on Jaccard coefficient, Hausdorff distance and Mean Square Error. The performance of the computational classification methods was evaluated based on measures of sensitivity, specificity and the area under the ROC curve. The manual segmentation and visual inspection classification of the discs made by three experienced professionals were used as the gold standard for comparison. The main results showed an average Jaccard coefficient of 63.22%, the average Hausdoff of distances was 0.044 and 0.014 Mean Square Error average when comparing the images from both segmentation targets. Additionally, the targeting semiautomatic differed by an average of 30% compared with manual segmentation and classification of disc degeneration provided from an artificial neural networks differs by less than 2% when compared to manual sorting procedure performed by experts.

Σκοπός της παρούσας Διπλωματικής Εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη και εφαρμογή τεχνικών ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας εικόνων για τον εντοπισμό του οφθαλμού και τον υπολογισμό συγκεκριμένων παραμέτρων που συνδέονται με την κατάσταση του χρήστη. Συγκεκριμένα, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα ολοκληρωμένο Σύστημα Εντοπισμού Οφθαλμού που περιλαμβάνει τα υποσυστήματα της CMOS κάμερα, της μεταφοράς δεδομένων – εικόνων, της ψηφιοποίησης των δεδομένων, και τέλος το υποσύστημα της επεξεργασίας εικόνων οφθαλμού και του υπολογισμού παραμέτρων. Στα πλαίσια του τελευταίου αυτού υποσυστήματος αναπτύχθηκαν δύο μεθοδολογίες που βασίστηκαν στην εφαρμογή αλγορίθμων ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας εικόνων. Η πρώτη μεθοδολογία βασίστηκε στον υπολογισμό της μέσης φωτεινότητας για την άνω και την κάτω περιοχή του οφθαλμού. Η χρονική μεταβολή των δύο τιμών της φωτεινότητας χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εξαγωγή πληροφοριών για την κατάσταση του οφθαλμού (ανοιχτός ή κλειστός). Η δεύτερη μεθοδολογία στηρίχτηκε σε ένα συνδυασμό τεχνικών ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας εικόνων. Η επεξεργασία κάθε εικόνας της ακολουθίας video περιλαμβάνει τέσσερα βασικά βήματα: (α) ευθυγράμμιση της εικόνας σε σχέση με ένα κοινό σύστημα αναφοράς, (β) εφαρμογή δύο φίλτρων για την ανίχνευση των κορυφών και των κοιλάδων της εικόνας, (γ) σύντηξη των δύο φιλτραρισμένων εικόνων που προκύπτουν και (δ) μετατροπή της εικόνας σύντηξης σε δυαδική με εφαρμογή κατάλληλου κατωφλίου. Η καταμέτρηση των λευκών εικονοστοιχείων της δυαδικής εικόνας στην περιοχή του οφθαλμού καθορίζει την κατάσταση του οφθαλμού (ανοικτός ή κλειστός). Τέλος, και μέσω του λογισμικού, υπολογίζονται οι σχετικές παράμετροι της κατάστασης του οφθαλμού όπως ο αριθμός ανοιγο-κλεισίματος οφθαλμού, η διάρκεια κάθε ανοιγο-κλεισίματος οφθαλμού και οι χρονικές αποστάσεις μεταξύ των προσδιορισμένων ανοιγο-κλεισιμάτων σε μια αλληλουχία συλλεγμένων εικόνων. / The scope of the thesis was the development and application of digital image processing techniques in order to detect human eye in video sequences and determine parameters related to the user’s state. Specifically, an integrated Eye-Tracking System was used in order to obtain the necessary image frames for further processing. The System consists of four modules, the CMOS camera module, the transfer module, the digitization module and the software module. The software module was based on the application of image processing techniques to detect the eye and calculate specific parameters. Two image processing techniques were developed and tested throughout this thesis. The first method was based on the calculations of the mean brightness of the upper and lower eye region for each frame of the video sequence. The temporal variation of this mean value provided useful information for the eye state (open/closed). The second method was based on a combination of various image processing techniques. The processing of each video frame comprises of four basic steps: a) registration of the image in relation to the first frame of the video sequence, b) filtering in order to detect the peaks and valleys of the image being processed, c) fusion of the filtered images, and d) binarization of the fused image by thresholding. The calculation of the number of white pixels in the eye region of the binary image indicates the state of the eye (open/closed) and allows the determination of the blink parameters related to the user’s state (vigilance/somnolence). The parameters being measured throughout this thesis were the number of eye blinks, the blink duration and the blink interval.

Color theory was first formalized in the seventeenth century by Isaac Newton just a couple of decades after the first microscope was built. But it was not until the twentieth century that technological advances led to the integration of color theory, optical spectroscopy and light microscopy through spectral image processing. However, while the focus of image processing often concerns modeling of how images are perceived by humans, the goal of image processing in natural sciences and medicine is the objective analysis. This thesis is focused on color theory that promotes quantitative analysis rather than modeling how images are perceived by humans. Color and fluorescent dyes are routinely added to biological specimens visualizing features of interest. By applying spectral image processing to histopathology, subjectivity in diagnosis can be minimized, leading to a more objective basis for a course of treatment planning. Also, mathematical models for spectral image processing can be used in biotechnology research increasing accuracy and throughput, and decreasing bias. This thesis presents a model for spectral image formation that applies to both fluorescence and transmission light microscopy. The inverse model provides estimates of the relative concentration of each individual component in the observed mixture of dyes. Parameter estimation for the model is based on decoupling light intensity and spectral information. This novel spectral decomposition method consists of three steps: (1) photon and semiconductor noise modeling providing smoothing parameters, (2) image data transformation to a chromaticity plane removing  intensity variation while maintaining chromaticity differences, and (3) a piecewise linear decomposition combining advantages of spectral angle mapping and linear decomposition yielding relative dye concentrations. The methods described herein were used for evaluation of molecular biology techniques as well as for quantification and interpretation of image-based measurements. Examples of successful applications comprise quantification of colocalization, autofluorescence removal, classification of multicolor rolling circle products, and color decomposition of histological images.

Nesta dissertação é abordado o tema da avaliação de qualidade em sinais de vídeo, especificamente da avaliação objetiva completamente referenciada de sinais de vídeo em definição padrão. A forma mais confiável de se medir a diferença de qualidade entre duas cenas de vídeo é utilizando um painel formado por telespectadores, resultando em uma medida subjetiva da diferença de qualidade. Esta metodologia demanda um longo período de tempo e um elevado custo operacional, o que a torna pouco prática para utilização. Neste trabalho são apresentados os aspectos relevantes do sistema visual humano, das metodologias para avaliação de vídeo em aplicações de televisão digital em definição padrão e também da validação destas metodologias. O objetivo desta dissertação é testar métricas de baixo custo computacional como a que avalia a relação sinal-ruído de pico (PSNR: Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), a que mede similaridade estrutural (SSIM: Structural SIMilarity) e a que mede diferenças em três componentes de cor definidas pela CIE (Commission Internationale de l\'Eclairage), representadas por L*, a* e b* em uma dada extensão espacial (S-CIELAB: Spatial-CIELAB). Uma metodologia de validação destas métricas é apresentada, tendo como base as cenas e resultados dos testes subjetivos efetuados pelo Grupo de Especialistas em Qualidade de Vídeo (VQEG: Video Quality Expert Group). A estas métricas é introduzida uma etapa de preparação das cenas, na qual são efetuadas equalização de brilho, suavização de detalhes e detecção de contornos. Controlando-se a intensidade destes filtros, um novo conjunto de medidas é obtido. Comparações de desempenho são realizadas entre estes novos conjuntos de medidas e o conjunto de medidas obtido pelo VQEG. Os resultados mostram que para aplicações em televisão digital de definição padrão, a avaliação utilizando componentes de cor pouco influencia na correlação com as medidas obtidas nos testes subjetivos. Por outro lado, foi verificado que a aplicação adequada de técnicas para suavização de imagens, combinadas com métricas de fácil implementação como a SSIM, elevam seu grau de correlação com medidas subjetivas. Também foi demonstrado que técnicas para extração de contornos, combinadas com a métrica PSNR, podem aumentar significativamente seu desempenho em termos de correlação com os testes efetuados pelo VQEG. À luz destes resultados, foi concluído que medidas objetivas de fácil implementação do ponto de vista computacional podem ser usadas para comparação da qualidade de sinais de vídeo SDTV, desde que devidamente combinadas com técnicas para adequação ao sistema visual humano como a suavização e extração de contornos. / This research is about the video signal quality comparison issue, focusing at full reference metrics using standard definition television. The most reliable way to predict the differences in terms of quality between two video scenes is using a panel of television viewers, under controlled psychometric experimental conditions, resulting in statistical meaningful Differences in Mean Opinion Score (DMOS). The Subjective assessment is both time consuming and costly, therefore with practical limitations. The ideal substitute are objective quality assessment algorithms, whose scores have been shown to correlate highly with the results of DMOS. The goal for this research is to optimize the performance of simple metrics combining it with digital image processing. First this work presents many relevant aspects of the human visual system, methodologies for video evaluation in digital television applications using standard definition (SDTV) and also a validation methodology of these methods. After that, the main goal is to test three very simple metrics in terms of computational cost: PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), SSIM (Structural SIMilarity) and S-CIELAB (Spatial-CIELAB). original metrics were modified in order to improve their correlations against subjective assessment data. Several experiments combining the advantages of digital image filters for softness and edge extraction have been accomplished within this work. The results show that such simple metrics combined with digital image processing for edge extraction, for example, do improve their correlations with subjective assessment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_alo_me_sjrp.pdf: 1157182 bytes, checksum: 08ed86b39eb7aa9014461e7988e01266 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho apresentamos conceitos teþoricos fundamentais como os Príncipios da Boa Continuação de Gestalt e da Conectividade de Kanizsa, os quais estão intimamente relacionados `a percepção visual humana estudada por psicólogos. Tais conceitos são muito importantes no contexto do processamento de imagens, principalmente no que se refere ao processo de Retoque Digital de Imagens, influenciando e auxiliando pesquisadores a criar modelos matemáticos que imitem o sistema visual humano, com a intenção de deixar o processo mais real possþývel. Apresentamos também, diversos modelos matemþaticos propostos para solucionar o problema de retoque digital, bem como técnicas para implementação computacional de tais modelos. / In this work we present fundamental theoretical concepts like the Gestalt s Good Continuation Principle and the Kanizsa s Connectivity Principle, which are closely related to human visual perception studied by psychologists. Such concepts are very important in the context of the image processing, mainly in those related to the inpainting process. These concepts are influencing and helping researchers to create mathematical models that imitate the human visual system, with the purpose to make the process as real as possible. We also present, various mathematical models developed to solve the inpainting problem and techniques for the computational implementation of theses models.