No description available.

Thesis (M.Eng.(Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 1999. / Includes abstract in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Developing countries in Africa present a graphic picture of the digital divide. High costs associated with serving rural customers are the major cause of uneven distribution of services. Rural areas are characterised by a high rate of unemployment and a poor level of education. This results in a scenario where most of the residents are unable to utilize IT resources. Some people in these areas are not informed about the availability and importance of these technologies in the market. Those who are academically fit for accessing these technologies often cannot afford them. Some of the areas still have no existing telecommunications infrastructure. High deployment costs associated with broadband services makes it even more challenging to deploy such services in this environment. In Africa approximately 80% of the population is living in rural areas, which alone creates a demand for the coverage of rural regions. Leaving such a large number of residents not connected, means poor medical care, students cannot participate in distance learning programs which means poor quality of education, poor performance in businesses, poor farming and crippling delivery of government services. DSL technologies were originally designed to suit suburban to urban conditions. In this research it is shown that broadband services can be delivered to rural people by applying DSL technologies, using the existing telecommunications infrastructure. This will mean significant savings, as it does not need core network investments. DSL increases network capacity to a network, which is no longer limited to voice. With this technology a number different high bandwidth applications are delivered to the homes, schools, hospitals, telecentres and small businesses. The cost effectiveness of these technologies for several reach and rural traffic environment is investigated. This is done by investigating several promising DSL solutions in terms of diverse geography, demographics and other cost dictating parameters. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2004.

In recent years, multicarrier modulation techniques have stirred great interest among engineers and researchers working in the field of telecommunications. Multicarrier systems are characterized by the fact that constellation symbols are modulated in parallel onto several distinct subcarriers. One specific form of multicarrier modulation, referred to as OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), has been deployed in many applications, such as in wireless LAN (local area network) routers, in high-definition television tuners, and in DSL (digital subscriber line) modems. Multicarrier and OFDM systems have proved to be much more robust against impairments such as impulse noise and sudden channel fadings than their single carrier counterparts. Moreover, channel equalization in OFDM systems can be performed at a very low computational cost by a set of per-subcarrier one-tap equalizers. / Despite their many advantages, OFDM systems have a few, but important, drawbacks. In particular, OFDM relies on the inverse FFT for modulation purposes, which leads to a very poor spectral containment and a high susceptibility to narrowband noise. To mitigate this problem, we propose in this thesis to perform multicarrier modulation using a perfect reconstruction (PR) DFT filter bank instead of employing the inverse FFT. The design of such filter banks is addressed using a novel method that guarantees the PR property to be satisfied while the spectral containment is being maximized. Equalization in the proposed DFT filter bank transceiver takes advantage of the fact that the filter banks do not contribute to any distortion due to its PR nature. Two equalization schemes are presented. The first one is based on a zero-padded block linear equalization approach, and the second one utilizes a one-tap per subcarrier configuration. The estimation of the channel coefficients in the proposed transceiver is also addressed. A blind estimation method that exploits the inherent cyclostationarity of the transmitted signal is derived. Computer experiments presented in this thesis indicate that the spectral containment of the proposed PR DFT filter bank transceiver is indeed superior to that of the OFDM system. Moreover, simulations conducted in a DSL-like environment contaminated by a narrowband noise show that the achievable bit rate of the proposed transceiver is much higher than that of a conventional OFDM system.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 189-204.

Thesis (M.Eng.). / Written for the Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/17). Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

M. Tech. Business Administration / Internet penetration in South Africa stood at 13.9% in 2011 as compared to average of 30% for the rest of the world. Given the racial demographics in South Africa where Black Africans constitute 79.5% of the population it stand to reason that given all things equal, Black Africans should constitute a greater part of the 13.9% however preliminary studies based on the number of subscribers of Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) subscription in residential areas indicated the opposite. The 20.5 % remainder of the population made up of the Coloureds, Whites and Indians racial groups formed a greater part of the residential ADSL users in the country, which suggests that they are the greater users of internet.

Orientadores: João Marcos Travassos Romano, Renato da Rocha Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:11:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferrari_Rafael_D.pdf: 1296185 bytes, checksum: 371d066f2d7901daa13e425b71cd9ce8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O trabalho é dividido em duas partes e trata de três problemas importantes existentes nos sistemas de comunicação: o gerenciamento espectral, o cancelamento de interferências e a equalização de canais. Na primeira parte do trabalho, abordamos a otimização de sistemas multiportadora DSL, sistemas estes usados na transmissão em banda larga de dados através das linhas telefônicas. No contexto de gerenciamento espectral distribuído, é proposto um algoritmo iterativo para alocação discreta de bits e sua convergência e desempenho são analisados. No âmbito de sistemas centralizados, nos quais é possível a coordenação entre os sinais e entre os espectros dos usuários, propomos uma técnica MIMO de cancelamento de crosstalk baseada na decomposição em valores singulares e no critério zero-forcing. Além disso, propomos também uma estratégia para bitloading discreto que leva em consideração as técnicas de cancelamento de interferência. Na segunda parte do trabalho, analisamos o uso de filtros preditivos não lineares na equalização não supervisionada de canais de comunicação. O desempenho de tais estruturas é comparado com o equalizador de mínima taxa de erro / Abstract: The work is divided into two parts and deals with three major problems in communication systems: spectrum management, interference cancellation and channel equalization. In the first part, we discuss the optimization of multicarrier DSL systems, a technology used for broadband transmission of data over telephone lines. In the context of distributed spectrum management, an iterative algorithm for discrete bit allocation is proposed and its convergence and performance are analyzed. In the context of centralized systems, where coordination is possible between signals and between the spectra of users, we propose a MIMO technique for crosstalk cancelation based on singular value decomposition and on the zero-forcing criterion. In addition, we also propose a strategy for discrete bitloading that takes into account the interference cancellation techniques. In the second part of the work, we analyze the use of nonlinear predictive filters applied to the unsupervised equalization of communication channels. The performance of these structures is compared with the minimum error rate equalizer / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Το αντικείµενο αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η σχεδίαση και η ανάλυση νέων αλγορίθµων υπολογισµού των κατανοµών ισχύος και πληροφορίας σε πολυκαναλικά συστήµατα τεχνολογίας ψηφιακών συνδροµητικών γραµµών DSL. Η αρχή λειτουργίας των πολυκαναλικών συστηµάτων βασίζεται στη διαίρεση του συνολικού φάσµατος σε επιµέρους υποκανάλια χαµηλού ρυθµού µετάδοσης, τα οποία µεταφέρουν τη συνολική πληροφορία µέσω ειδικών τεχνικών διαµόρφωσης. Ο υπολογισµός των κατανοµών της ισχύος εκποµπής και της πληροφορίας στα υποκανάλια του συστήµατος βασίζεται σε αλγορίθµους που είναι γνωστοί µε τον όρο αλγόριθµοι bit-loading. Η πλειοψηφία των αλγορίθµων bit-loading που χρησιµοποιούνται σήµερα είναι αλγόριθµοι ενός χρήστη, δηλαδή εκτελούνται στο δέκτη της γραµµής ενδιαφέροντος, χωρίς να λαµβάνουν υπόψη τα χαρακτηριστικά των πηγών θορύβου (π.χ. παρεµβολή διαφωνίας από γειτονικά συστήµατα στην ίδια δέσµη), παρά µόνο το αποτέλεσµα αυτών (µείωση του λόγου σήµατος-προς- θόρυβο). Για τα πολυκαναλικά συστήµατα ορίζονται δύο βασικές κατηγορίες προβληµάτων bitloading: το πρόβληµα µεγιστοποίησης του ρυθµού µετάδοσης για δεδοµένη ισχύ εκποµπής και το πρόβληµα ελαχιστοποίησης της συνολικής ισχύος για δεδοµένο ρυθµό µετάδοσης. Σε κάθε περίπτωση ένα σύνολο από περιορισµούς (π.χ. µέγιστη ισχύς ανά υποκανάλι, ακέραιες τιµές στην κατανοµή της πληροφορίας) ορίζουν τη βέλτιστη λύση, η οποία ικανοποιεί όλες τις συνθήκες. Οι αλγόριθµοι που έχουν προταθεί βασίζονται σε µεθόδους τύπου greedy bit-filling, οι οποίες υπολογίζουν τη βέλτιστη λύση µε ακέραιες τιµές στην κατανοµή πληροφορίας, και σε µεθόδους τύπου water-filling, οι οποίες οδηγούν σε λύση µε πραγµατικές τιµές στην κατανοµή πληροφορίας, οπότε η τελική “ηµι-βέλτιστη” λύση προκύπτει µε κατάλληλη διακριτοποίηση. Η ραγδαία εξάπλωση των συνδέσεων DSL, καθώς και η ανάγκη για παροχή υψηλότερων ρυθµών µετάδοσης έχει οδηγήσει την επιστηµονική και βιοµηχανική κοινότητα στη διερεύνηση µεθόδων για τη διαχείριση ολόκληρου του φάσµατος µιας δέσµης αγωγών µε στόχο τη βελτιστοποίηση της απόδοσης του συνολικού δικτύου. Ο σηµαντικότερος παράγοντας που περιορίζει τον προσφερόµενο ρυθµό µετάδοσης στα συστήµατα DSL είναι ο θόρυβος διαφωνίας µεταξύ γειτονικών συστηµάτων που λειτουργούν στην ίδια δέσµη. Στα πλαίσια αυτά ανήκει και η σχεδίαση κεντρικών αλγορίθµων bit-loading πολλών χρηστών, µε στόχο τον υπολογισµό των βέλτιστων κατανοµών όλων των συνδέσεων της δέσµης, ώστε να ελαχιστοποιούνται οι συνολικές παρεµβολές διαφωνίας. Σε αντίθεση µε τους αλγορίθµους ενός χρήστη, η διατύπωση του προβλήµατος bit-loading της δέσµης απαιτεί τη γνώση των συναρτήσεων διαφωνίας, ώστε να ορισθεί η αλληλεπίδραση µεταξύ των σηµάτων στις επιµέρους γραµµές. Οι αλγόριθµοι bit-loading πολλών χρηστών που έχουν παρουσιαστεί µέχρι σήµερα βασίζονται στις αρχές λειτουργίας των µεθόδων ενός χρηστή και θεωρούν ότι οι συναρτήσεις διαφωνίας είναι γνωστές. Για τον υπολογισµό των τελευταίων οι τεχνικές που συναντώνται στη βιβλιογραφία δεν εκτελούνται στις διατάξεις µετάδοσης, αλλά βασίζονται στη συλλογή και επεξεργασία σηµάτων σε εξωτερικά συστήµατα. Στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής έγινε ανάλυση των πολυκαναλικών συστηµάτων δέσµης ψηφιακών συνδροµητικών γραµµών (τεχνολογίας ADSL) και προτάθηκαν νέοι αλγόριθµοι bit-loading ενός χρήστη και πολλών χρηστών. Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται λύσεις που αφορούν τα παρακάτω θέµατα: 􀂃 Ανάπτυξη νέου ταχύ αλγόριθµου bit-loading ενός χρήστη. Ο νέος αλγόριθµος επιλύει το πρόβληµα ελαχιστοποίησης της συνολικής ισχύος εκποµπής για δεδοµένο ρυθµό µετάδοσης και ανήκει στην κατηγορία των βέλτιστων αλγορίθµων. 􀂃 ∆ιερεύνηση της απόδοσης συστηµάτων δέσµης συνδροµητικών γραµµών, ως προς την εκµετάλλευση της συνολικής χωρητικότητας της δέσµης, όταν εφαρµόζεται αυτόνοµη διαχείριση του φάσµατος σε κάθε σύνδεση µέσω αλγορίθµων bit-loading ενός χρήστη. 􀂃 Ανάπτυξη νέου κεντρικού αλγόριθµου bit-loading πολλών χρηστών. Ο νέος αλγόριθµος αντιµετωπίζει το πρόβληµα της ανισοκατανοµής των ρυθµών µετάδοσης µεταξύ των συνδέσεων µιας δέσµης, εξ αιτίας της µη κεντρικής διαχείρισης του φάσµατος. 􀂃 Ανάπτυξη νέας µεθόδου για την αναγνώριση των συναρτήσεων διαφωνίας µεταξύ των αγωγών µιας δέσµης συνδροµητικών γραµµών. Η νέα µέθοδος εκτελείται στις διατάξεις µετάδοσης και βασίζεται σε κυκλώµατα επεξεργασίας πραγµατικού χρόνου. Οι νέοι αλγόριθµοι που προτείνονται αποτελούν πρωτότυπες λύσεις στην περιοχή των ψηφιακών επικοινωνιών για πολυκαναλικά συστήµατα µετάδοσης και βασίζονται σε µεθόδους, οι οποίες παρουσιάζουν συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήµατα µε άλλες υφιστάµενες λύσεις. Ειδικότερα: 􀂃 Ο νέος αλγόριθµος bit-loading ενός χρήστη υπολογίζει τη βέλτιστη λύση µε όλους τους περιορισµούς του συστήµατος επικοινωνίας, σε αντίθεση µε άλλους αλγορίθµους που υποστηρίζουν µόνο µέρος των περιορισµών. Επιπλέον, εµφανίζει µικρή πολυπλοκότητα και µεγάλη ταχύτητα εκτέλεσης συγκριτικά µε άλλες µεθόδους. 􀂃 Η διερεύνηση των συστηµάτων δέσµης, ως προς τη µεγιστοποίηση των ρυθµών µετάδοσης όταν δεν εφαρµόζεται κεντρική διαχείριση του φάσµατος, αναδεικνύει το πρόβληµα της ανισοκατανοµής της συνολικής χωρητικότητας στις επιµέρους συνδέσεις. 􀂃 Ο νέος κεντρικός αλγόριθµος bit-loading πολλών χρηστών αντιµετωπίζει το πρόβληµα της µη δίκαιης κατανοµής των ρυθµών µετάδοσης και ταυτόχρονα εξασφαλίζει ένα ελάχιστο περιθώριο µείωσης του λόγου σήµατος-προς-θόρυβο σε κάθε σύνδεση. 􀂃 Η νέα µέθοδος αναγνώρισης των συναρτήσεων διαφωνίας εκτελείται στις συσκευές µετάδοσης σε πραγµατικό χρόνο σε αντίθεση µε άλλες µεθόδους, οι οποίες εκτελούνται σε εξωτερικά συστήµατα µετρήσεων, και βασίζεται σε µια νέα µέθοδο εκτίµησης και αναγνώρισης των σηµάτων παρεµβολής. / The objective of this dissertation is the development of new algorithms for the calculation of the power and rate distributions in multicarrier systems with application in the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology. In multicarrier systems the spectrum is divided into narrowband subchannels and the total data-load is transmitted by modulating a set of independent subcarriers. The allocation of the total rate and power into the subchannels is based on bit-loading algorithms. The bit-loading algorithms used in multicarrier modems are mainly single-user algorithms: they do not take into account the decisions of the neighboring lines in the binder. In multicarrier systems two bit-loading problems are of main interest: rate-maximization subject to a total power constraint and margin-maximization subject to a given data rate. In both cases, a number of system constraints (e.g. power spectral density mask, integer bit values) determine the unique optimum solution. The bit-loading algorithms presented in the literature are based either on greedy methods, which provide the optimum discrete bit-allocation, or on water-filling methods, which in general provide non-integer bit-allocation. In this case, a final sub-optimum solution is provided using bit rounding. The rapid growth of the DSL users as well as the increasing demand for higher speed services has led the research and industry community in the investigation of methods for dynamic spectrum control of the modems operating in the same binder. In DSL systems, crosstalk interference induced by adjacent lines is one of the largest noise impairments that reduce the performance of services supported by the same binder. Therefore dynamic management incorporates methods for modem coordination and multi-user bit-loading in order to calculate the rate and power allocations of all activated lines, so that the total interference is reduced for a common global-binder benefit. In contrast to the single-user case, the formulation of the multi-user bit-loading problem requires the knowledge of the crosstalk transfer functions between the lines of the binder. The multi-user bitloading algorithms presented in the literature assume that the crosstalk transfer functions are known. In addition, the methods presented for crosstalk identification in DSL systems are based on data collection and processing in third-party systems. In this dissertation, the multicarrier system of an ADSL binder is studied and new single-user and multi-user bit-loading algorithms are developed. In particular, this dissertation presents solutions in the following problems: .. Development of a new computationally efficient single-user bit-loading algorithm. The proposed algorithm provides the optimum discrete solution to the margin-maximization problem. .. Investigation of the capacity and rate-region performance of ADSL binder systems when no overall spectrum control and no modem coordination are used (each modem performs single-user bit-loading). .. Development of a new multi-user bit-loading algorithm. The proposed algorithm resolves the problem of the non-uniform distribution of the achievable data rates experienced for a region of target-rate values, as a result of the no modem-coordination strategy. .. Development of a new crosstalk identification method for DSL binder systems. The proposed method is executed in the operating modems and is based on real time signal processing. This dissertation presents new algorithms which provide advantages compared to other solutions in the multicarrier DSL technology. In particular: .. The new single-user bit-loading algorithm provides the optimum discrete solution under the complete set of system constraints, in contrast to other solutions that consider only a subset of constraints. Moreover, the new algorithm is of low computational complexity compared with other methods. .. The investigation of the rate-region performance of ADSL binder systems under no overall spectrum control reports the problem of the non-uniform distribution of the achievable data rates. This “unfairness” is experienced as a result of the no modemcoordination strategy. .. The new multi-user bit-loading algorithm resolves the problem of the non-uniform distribution of the achievable data rates and guarantees a minimum SNR margin for each activated link in the binder. .. The new crosstalk identification method is based on a new technique for estimating the interference signals and is executed in the operating modems using real-time signal processing, in contrast to other methods which are executed in third-party systems.