published_or_final_version / Orthopaedics and Traumatology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

In a 6-week rat model it was demonstrated that a small dose of peri-implant zoledronic acid (ZA) increased local bone formation 3-fold compared with controls. Ancillary in vitro studies using 14C-labeled ZA implant doses demonstrated biphasic elution profiles for implants coated with hydroxyapatite; complete ZA release occurred within one to three weeks in serum compared with only 60% ZA release after 12 weeks in water. Implants without hydroxyapatite coating showed more burst-type release profiles and full ZA elution within 24 hours of hydration in serum or water. Canine studies at 6 weeks using implants with 14C-labeled ZA showed that the compound remained localized, with the greatest ZA concentration immediately adjacent to the implant. Although there was evidence of skeletal ZA distribution via diffusion into the circulation, the levels were two orders of magnitude less than at the implant site.

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Luo, Kewang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-305). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Cheng Yuen Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [106]-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Research out puts --- p.v / Abbreviations --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / Table of contents --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction & Hypothesis / Chapter 1.1. --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Hypothesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- An Overview of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Pathobiological features of GCT --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Radiological appearances and clinical classifications of GCT --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Histological characteristics --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Metastatic GCT --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3. --- Histogenesis of GCT --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4. --- Treatment --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5. --- Summary --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Pharmacological aspect of bisphosphonates / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2. --- Chemical structures of bisphosphonates --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3. --- Mechanisms and actions --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Bisphosphonates induce osteoclast apoptosis --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Bisphosphonates induce cell apoptosis --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Apoptosis --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- Morphological characteristic of apoptosis --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4. --- Clinical applications of bisphosphonates --- p.36 / Chapter 3.5. --- Bisphosphonates used in this study --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6. --- Summary --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2. --- Primary GCT cell culture and maintenance --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3. --- Drug preparation --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4. --- MTT assay --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5. --- Annexin-V-flous staining assay --- p.48 / Chapter 4.6. --- Haematoxyline and Eosin staining --- p.51 / Chapter 4.7. --- TUNEL assay (Terminal deoxynucleotidyltrasferase - mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling) --- p.52 / Chapter 4.8. --- TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) --- p.54 / Chapter 4.9. --- Statistical analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in giant cell tumour of bone -in vitro study / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2. --- Experimental design --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Bisphosphonates reduce cell viability of GCT stromal tumour cell --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Bisphosphonates induce morphological changesin GCT primary culture --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Bisphosphonate significantly induce apoptosis in GCT stromal cells in a dose dependent manner --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussions and Summary --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in giant cell tumour of bone -in vivo study / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2. --- Experiment design --- p.74 / Chapter 6.3. --- Results / Chapter 6.3.1. --- H & E observations / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Pamidronate significantly induce apoptosis in both osteoclast-like giant cells and stromal tumour cells by TUNEL labelling assay --- p.79 / Chapter 6.3.3. --- Pamidronate induced cellular ultrastructural changes of GCT by TEM examination --- p.83 / Chapter 6.3.4. --- Pamidronate reduce the recurrent characteristic of GCT --- p.95 / Chapter 6.4. --- Discussions and Summary --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Summary and Future Study / Chapter 7.1. --- Summary --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2. --- Future directions --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Reference --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Appendix - solution preparation

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / It has been proposed that the accumulation of microdamage in bone of aging individuals may play a causative and synergistic role in increased fracture incidence. If microdamage production were somehow increased, or reparative remodeling was somehow decreased, the scales may tip towards pathologic fracture. It is known that bisphosphonates increase microdamage accumulation in ribs, lumbar vertebrae, and ilium. The specific aim of this study was to histomorphometrically quantify the microdamage effect of the bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate therapy on alveolar bone surrounding the first mandibular molar in the dog to determine if this response differs from that in non-bisphosphonate treated dogs. Thirty-four dogs were randomly assigned in two test, and one control groups. Test groups received pharmacologically equivalent doses of either alendronate (11 dogs) or risedronate (11 dogs). The control group (12 dogs) received subcutaneous injections of saline solution. The mandibular right first molar was analyzed for this study. Histomorphometric measurements were made using a x150 Nikon Optiphot-2 fluorescence microscope equipped with brightfield sources (Nikon, Inc.) using the semi-automatic Bioqant digitizing system (R & M Biometrics). There was no significant differences in cortical bone area across treatment groups for any of the regions, nor were any expected. Overall, there was almost twice as much crotical bone found in the Middle (Combined) regions compared with the Coronal (Combined) regions. The precent cortical area was universally high across all treatment groups averaging in the mid-90% range. The Apical region averaged 96.05%, followed by the Coronal region with 95.04% and the Middle region with 93.80%. The number of labeled osteons per cortical area in the alendronate and risedronate groups both tended to be lower relative to the control group (0.92/mm2 and 0.93/mm2 vs. 1.26mm2, respectively), but were not significantly different. On average, the coronal regions had nearly three times the LOn/CtAr as the Middle and Apical regions (1.90/mm2 vs. 0.63/mm2 and 0.57/mm2 respectively). Only in one region was MAR statistically higher in the Coronal (1mm) region, relative to all other regions compared. The Middle region demonstrated a low MAR. The WTh was significantly higher in the risedronate and alendronate groups than that of the control group for the Coronal region. This illustrates that with respect to the bisphosphonates, there is more formation and less resorption. In one region of a significantly lower WTh for the alendronate group relative to the risedronate group was noted. This implies a more potent inhibition in the risedronate treated groups. The WTh for the entire Coronal was statistically lower than every Middle measurement, but was not different than observed in the Apical region. This would tend to signify that in the Coronal, the turnover rate is more of a rapid nature, and therefore the osteons are not as large, while in the Apical, there were so many missing values due to the low rate of turnover, the numbers are skewed to the low end. In the Coronal (Combined) region, the risedronate (108.79 days) group exhibiting a significantly higher FP than the alendronate (62.88 days) and the control (56.13 days) groups. This would imply an increased potency of risedronate over alendronate. Regionally, the FP was significantly lower in the Coronal, relative to Middle or Apical. This is consistent with a more rapid turnover in the Coronal regions observed earlier. The Acf for alendronate (6.41/mm2 per day) and risedronate (5.69/mm2 per day) both tended to be lower by approximately 40% when compared with the control group (10.11/mm2 per day). Overall, the Acf for the Coronal region was 14.15/mm2 per day vs. 2.98/mm2 per day for the Middle and 9.13/mm2 per day for the Apical regions. This shows a significantly increased amount of turnover events taking place not just in the Coronal region, but in the region immediately adjacent to the tooth in the Coronal region. In no region did bone formation differ significantly when treated with bisphosphonates. The Coronal (1mm) region was statistically greater than every region it was measured against, individual and combined. Based on this observation, the second hypothesis that within the first molar alveolar site, bisphosphonate therapy with alendronate, and risedronate would inhibit remodeling more in the coronal region than in the middle and apical region, is rejected. When measuring microdamage accumulation (CrDn), only in the Middle (1mm) region was a significant difference across treatment groups notes. There were no other statistical differences across groups for any other regions. This observation demonstrates that bisphosphonate treatment does not increase the accumulation of microcracks in the dentate alveolar bone. Therefore, the first hypothesis that within the dentate mandible, bisphosphonate therapy with alendronate and risedronate would increase microdamage accumulation around the first molar compound to control, is rejected. When CrDn was compared by region, significant differences were noted. As expected, the Coronal (1mm) region demonstrated a significantly increased CrDN compared with the Apical and Middle regions. Coupled with the information that the BFR is increased in the Coronal and Middle (1-3mm) regions would argue for a reparative function of remodeling in the Coronal and outer Middle regions, which is in response to microdamage accumulation. Significant differences were observed in the Middle (1mm) and Middle (Combined) regions, with the alendronate group demonstrating an increased CrSDn relative to control. There was no statistical difference across treatment groups for any of the regions studied. When compared by regions, the Coronal (1mm) was statistically higher than all regions it was measured against. The Middle regions demonstrated elevated CrSDn relative to the apical region, which displayed the lowest CrSDn values of all regions. One final measure of microdamage is mean crack length. There were no statistically significant differences across any groups for any regions. The only significant differences, when observed across regions, was in reference to the Middle (1mm) region, which was significantly larger than the Coronal (1mm), Coronal (Combined), and the Middle (1-3mm) region. Otherwise, there is no observable trend, and no significant difference between regions. In conclusion, this study found that there was no an increase in microdamage in the dentate mandible of the dogs with bisphosphonate therapy, thereby rejecting the first hypothesis. While there were isolated regions of remodeling inhibition, the hypothesis that bisphosphonate therapy would inhibit remodeling more in the coronal region than in the middle and apical region is rejected. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, we conclude that bisphosphonates do inhibit remodeling in the dentate alveolus generally, but inhibition is not localized to any particular region. Finally, the administration of bisphosphonates do not result in an increase in microdamage accumulation in the dentate alveolus of dogs.