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This dissertation describes the development of a novel ring fragmentation reaction in which cyclic γ-silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazoesters undergo efficient rupture of the Cβ−Cγ bond when treated with tin tetrachloride to provide tethered aldehyde ynoate products with varying tether length, in high yield. Tethered aldehyde ynoates are versatile intermediates and this functional group combination is unique to this fragmentation. The synthetic utility of tethered aldehyde ynoates is highlighted by their predisposition to undergo facile intramolecular [1,3]- dipolar cycloaddition reactions in presence of bistrimethylsylil-α-amino acids to provide 2,5-dihydropyroles. The ability to quickly assemble such structural motifs encouraged studies on the synthesis of steroidal alkaloid solanidine. A new method for the N-amination of oxazolidiones with NH2Cl was investigated and provides efficient access to acyl hydrazines. However, the full scope of the reaction has not been yet fully explored. The study of isopropyl radical additions to N-acylhydrazones and comparison of several stereocontrol elements on the oxazolidinone moiety revealed that all are effective.

A new synthetic method toward 5-substituted isoxazolidines by [3 plus 2] cycloaddition of nitrones generated from nitrosobenzene and styrene was discovered. The formation of nitrones from nitrosobenzene and mono-substituted aromatic styrenes was demonstrated. The cycloaddition reactions between styrenes and nitrosobenzenes work well when a moderate excess of styrenes was employed. The labeling studies support that cleavage of the styrene double bond occurred and accounted for all the carbons in the starting materials and products. A [3 plus 2] dipolar cycloaddition is implicated by the available mechanistic data and allows for the rapid assembly of various substituted isoxazolidines directly from nitrosobenzenes, electron deficient alkenes, and styrene.

Verdazyl radicals started receiving attention as substrates for organic synthesis only a few years ago. Since then, the chemistry of verdazyl radicals has advanced at a very fast rate. There are now a number of generations of novel molecular scaffolds derived from verdazyl radicals. Traditionally, verdazyl radicals have been synthesized from mono-substituted alkyl hydrazine and phosgene, which are extremely dangerous to handle. Alkyl hydrazines are restricted from being imported into certain countries, including Canada. A completely new alkyl hydrazine- and phosgene-free synthesis is reported in this thesis. The new synthesis, relative to previously reported syntheses of verdazyl radicals, is safer, more economical and provides the ability to derivatize verdazyl radicals to a larger extent. In addition, enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various metal- or organo-catalysts are reported. The project is still in progress with the highest e.e. of > 90%.

Verdazyl radicals started receiving attention as substrates for organic synthesis only a few years ago. Since then, the chemistry of verdazyl radicals has advanced at a very fast rate. There are now a number of generations of novel molecular scaffolds derived from verdazyl radicals. Traditionally, verdazyl radicals have been synthesized from mono-substituted alkyl hydrazine and phosgene, which are extremely dangerous to handle. Alkyl hydrazines are restricted from being imported into certain countries, including Canada. A completely new alkyl hydrazine- and phosgene-free synthesis is reported in this thesis. The new synthesis, relative to previously reported syntheses of verdazyl radicals, is safer, more economical and provides the ability to derivatize verdazyl radicals to a larger extent. In addition, enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various metal- or organo-catalysts are reported. The project is still in progress with the highest e.e. of > 90%.

Highly functionalized 5 or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties are highly prevalent in pharmaceuticals reagents, alkaloid natural products, organocatalysts, as well as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. Novel approaches to synthesizing these structures are sought therefore to maximize their accessibility. Within the well-established organic synthesis artillery, electrocyclic reactions serve as the predominant strategy to construct pyrrolidine and piperidine analogues. In this dissertation, the first stereocontrolled assembly of indolizidines from 2-allylic proline esters by aza-Prins reaction, and endo-selective synthesis of highly functionalized 5-vinylic pyrrolidines from benzylic and allylic azomethine ylide using novel [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition are described. These methodologies then culminate in a formal synthesis of Borreria alkaloid, borrecapine, by using an unprecedented sulfonyl group substituted dipolarophile. Finally, new directions in our laboratory to make pyrrolidine scaffolds are included in the last chapter of this thesis.

Le sujet de thèse concerne l’immunothérapie induite par des glycolipides synthétiques dont le chef de file est le KRN7000. Ce composé montre une activité à stimuler le système immunitaire renforçant l’action antitumorale. Cependant, comme la plupart des principes actifs, le KRN 7000 n’est pas spécifique des cellules tumorales. Pour pallier ce manque de spécificité, nous avons envisagé de coupler des glycolipides à un agent ciblant des cellules tumorales selon deux approches. La première a consisté à lier de manière covalente l’agent ciblant au glycolipide via un espaceur, ce qui a permis d’évaluer si le greffage de cet immunostimulant sur l’agent ciblant ne perturberait pas la reconnaissance par le récepteur membranaire. Concernant la seconde approche, une étude préliminaire reposant sur le relargage du KRN7000 a été abordé en préparant une prodrogue du glycolipide. Un autre problème du KRN7000 est qu’il n’est pas sélectif vis-à-vis de deux voies d’activation du système immunitaire. Pour pallier ce problème, la synthèse de nouveaux analogues C-glycosidiques d’alpha-galactosylcéramides plus stables et plus sélectifs de la voie Th1 a été envisagée. La stratégie de synthèse met en œuvre une cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire entre un C-vinyl glycoside et une nitrone. Dans un premier temps, une étude méthodologique de cette réaction a d’abord été réalisée. Dans un deuxième temps, la fonctionnalisation du cycle isoxazolidine puis son ouverture devrait permettre d’accéder aux analogues ciblés. / This PhD work concerns glycolipid-induced activation of immune system with KRN7000 as lead compound. This latter has shown its ability to stimulate NKT cells which are T cells of the immune system resulting in potent antitumor activity. However, like lots of drugs, KRN7000 is not specific for tumor cells. To tackle this lack of specificity, we plan to graft glycolipids to a targeting agent for tumor cells following two approaches. The aim of the first one was to bind covalently the glycolipid to the targeting agent in order to determine the effect of the glycolipid grafting onto the targeting agent on the recognition by the membrane receptor. Regarding the second approach, a preliminary study based on the KRN7000 release was performed by synthesizing a glycolipid prodrug. Another drawback of the KRN7000 is the lack of selectivity towards two ways of activation of the immune system. In order to favor the Th1 immune response, the synthesis of new C-glycosidic analogues of alpha-galactosylceramides was implemented. The synthetic strategy has involved a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a C-vinyl glycoside and a nitrone. First, a methodologic study about this reaction was performed. Then functionalization of the obtained isoxazolidine ring and the N-O bond cleavage should lead to the expected original analogs.

No description available.

No description available.