La dirofilariosis es una enfermedad parasitaria ocasionada por el nematode Dirofilaria immitis el cual afecta a diferentes especies domésticas y silvestres principalmente a canidos y excepcionalmente al hombre. El parásito en estado adulto se localiza en la arteria pulmonar. En estado larvario viaja a través del torrente sanguíneo pudiendo alcanzar diversos tejidos. Para completar su ciclo de vida necesita de mosquitos hematófagos los cuales ingieren las larvas al alimentarse. Es una enfermedad cosmopolita la cual se desarrolla en climas tropicales y subtropicales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de la dirofilariosis en caninos de los distritos de San Martín de Porres, Lima y Rímac de Lima metropolitana utilizando tres pruebas de diagnostico de laboratorio el método de microcapilar, Knott modificado y la prueba enzimática de ELISA. Para el desarrollo del estudio se procedió a muestrear 124 perros escogidos al azar, sin distinción de sexo, raza, edad ni tiempo de permanencia en el domicilio durante los meses de enero a mayo del año 2001, encontrándose con los método de microcapilar y Knott modificado un solo perro positivo lo que representa una tasa de infección de 0.81%; sin embargo por medio de la prueba de ELISA se encontraron cinco perros positivos lo que representa una prevalencia de 4.7% + 3.7%. La prevalencia encontrada con la prueba de ELISA es mayor debido a que es una prueba de alta sensibilidad y especificidad la cual detecta antígenos de excreción y secreción de Dirofilaria immitis. Se concluye que esta enfermedad permanece constante en los distritos antes señalados. / The heartworm disease, is a parasitic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis nematode, which affects the different domestic and wild species, mainly canids and exceptionally the humans The adult parasite affect the lung artery. In larval state goes through the blood stream being able to reach diverse tissues. To complete its life cycle needs of hemathophagous mosquitoes, those which swallow the larva to feed themselves. It is a cosmopolitan disease, which is developed, in subtropical and tropical climates. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the heartworm disease prevalence in canines from the following districts: San Martín de Porres, Lima and Rímac of Metropolitan Lima, employing three laboratory diagnostic test, such as: microcapillary method, Knott modified and ELISA test. For the reseach development, is proceed to test 124 dogs elected by hazard, with no distinction of sex, breed, age or time of permanence in domicile during from January to May – 2001. Is found out with microcapillary and Knott modified methods to just one dog positive, which represents an infection rate of .081% however, by means of ELISA test, is found out five dogs positive, which represents a prevalence of 4.7% + 3.7 %. The prevalence found with ELISA test is major due that is a high sensitivity and specificity test, which detects excretion and secretion antigenic of Dirofilaria immitis. Is concluded that this disease remains constant in the district before mentioned.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 17, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Canine immunoglobulins of the IgG group were shown to be intimately associated with the cuticle of circulating non-infection Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria. The significance of these immunoglobulins in blocking a complete immune response in the definitive host is discussed. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and fluorescent inhibition techniques are described and their applicability to the study of host-parasite relationships are evaluated. A rapid reproducible method for the production of specifically labeled anti-D. immitis microfilaria globulins is presented.

Orientador: Carlos Fernando Salgueirosa de Andrade / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GilciaAparecidadeCarvalho_D.pdf: 2420692 bytes, checksum: 389c3c5a059387fa98ae9be752bd8f0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Mosquitos pertencentes aos gêneros Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Psorophora e Coquillettidia são susceptíveis à infecção por Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856), podendo transmitir o filarídeo aos cães e gatos. Os vetores de D. immitis no Brasil são conhecidos apenas nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e do Maranhão, fazendo-se necessária a investigação da susceptibilidade e da competência vetorial de espécies existentes nos demais Estados brasileiros. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade verificar a freqüência de infecção por D. immitis em cães domiciliados na Região Metropolitana do Recife, bem como avaliar a susceptibilidade e a competência vetorial de Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 e Ae. albopictus Skuse, 1894 provenientes de área endêmica e não endêmica para a transmissão desse filarídeo, em condições experimentais. A resposta imune humoral (melanização) apresentada pelos mosquitos expostos à infecção também foi avaliada. Para a realização do inquérito epidemiológico, 816 amostras de sangue canino foram coletadas nas áreas costeiras da Região Metropolitana do Recife e no município de Bezerros, agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. As amostras sangüíneas foram analisadas por meio de teste parasitológico para a pesquisa de microfilárias de D. immitis, utilizando-se o método modificado de Knott. Para a avaliação da competência vetorial Cx. Quinquefasciatus população RECIFE, Ae. aegypti populações RECIFE, UNICAMP e linhagem ROCKFELLER e Ae. albopictus população RECIFE foram criados em insetário sob condições controladas (28 '+ ou ¿' '1 GRAU C¿ e 80 ' + ou ¿' 5% de umidade relativa do ar). As fêmeas das espécies estudadas foram alimentadas com sangue canino contendo diferentes densidades de microfilárias de D. immitis, por meio de membrana artificial confeccionada com pele fresca de animal. Para Cx. quinquefasciatus, que é uma espécie ornitofílica, foi utilizada pele de codorna, e para Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus a membrana artificial foi confeccionada com pele de rato. Os resultados obtidos no estudo mostraram freqüência de 3,61%, 7,89% e 7,69% de cães infectados na Ilha de Itamaracá, Igarassu e Recife, respectivamente. Após as infecções experimentais, observou-se que a mortalidade de Cx. quinquefasciatus não foi influenciada pela exposição a diferentes densidades de microfilárias de D. immitis (F = 0,0615, p>0,05) e os índices encontrados variaram de 8,9% a 36,25%. Os índices de eficiência vetorial (IEV) apresentados por Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE variaram de 7,8% a 56,5%. Em relação à razão de infecção, o maior índice foi encontrado no grupo de fêmeas expostas a densidade de 1913 microfilárias/ml, entretanto, não foi influenciado pela taxa de ingurgitamento das fêmeas (F=3,2937, p>0,05). Por meio de melanização, Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE, limitou a intensidade do parasitismo, promovendo o equilíbrio da relação parasito-hospedeiro e deste modo passando a ser um excelente vetor de D. immitis na Região Metropolitana do Recife. Dentre as espécies de Aedes estudadas, verificou-se que a população RECIFE de Ae. aegypti apresentou maior mortalidade (70,7%) ao final dos experimentos, apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,01) em relação à linhagem ROCKFELLER, população UNICAMP e Ae. albopictus população RECIFE, que não diferiram entre si (p>0,05). Em relação ao índice de eficiência vetorial (IEV) foi detectado um índice de 7,4% para a linhagem ROCKFELLER e uma variação de 20,0% a 53,8% para as populações de Ae. aegypti e 25,2% para Ae. albopictus população RECIFE. O maior número de larvas de D. immitis infectantes na probóscide foi apresentado por Ae. albopictus população RECIFE, além de uma baixa mortalidade. Desta forma, esta população mostrou-se susceptível ao filarídeo e por apresentar baixa mortalidade, foi considerada como a melhor vetora. Ae. aegypti população RECIFE não apresentou reação de melanização e apresentou mortalidade acentuada, enquanto que Ae. aegypti população UNICAMP e linhagem ROCKFELLER mostraram-se refratárias à infecção por D. immitis / Abstract: Mosquitoes belong to the genus Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Psorophora and Coquillettidia are susceptible to infection of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) and some of them serve as vectors heartworm disease in dogs and cats. Although the potential vectors of canine heartworm in Brazil have been recorded only in Rio de Janeiro and Maranhão State and no more date are available. The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of heartworm infection in dogs in metropolitan region of Recife and also identify under experimental conditions their ability of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 and Ae. albopictus Skuse,1894 from enzootic and non enzootic areas to become infected with and transmit D. immitis. After the experimental infection of mosquitoes, the melanization response to larvae of D. immitis also was evaluated. The survey study were performed on a total of 816 dogs from costal areas of Metropolitan Region of Recife and Bezerros County, located in agreste area of Pernambuco State. Whole blood samples were collected from all animals and were examined for the presence of microfilariae of D. immitis by the modified Knott test. To verify the vector competence of Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population, Ae. aegypti RECIFE, UNICAMP populations and also ROCKFELLER strain and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population, the mosquitoes were reared under constant insectary conditions (28 '+ or ¿' '1 DEGREE C¿ and 80 '+ or ¿' 5% relative humidity). Females mosquitoes, were exposed to blood¿s dog with diferents density of D. immitis microfilariae by artificial feeding apparatus made by fresh animal skin. For this puporse, ornithophilic Cx. quinquefasciatus was feeding by skin quail menbrane, and for the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus the artificial membrane was made by rat skin. The results of the survey study showed 3.61%, 7.89%, and 7.69% of heartworm infection frequency in dog from Itamaracá Island, Igarassu and the city of Recife respectively. The mortality of Cx. Quinquefasciatus RECIFE population observed in the vector competence study did not show influence of different density of microfilariae of D. immitis (F = 0.0615, p>0.05) and the mortality rate was 8.9% to 36.25%. The vector efficiency (VE) rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population were 7.8% to 56.5%. The higher infection rate was showed in females feeding with blood containing 1913 mf/ml, but no influence was observed in engorged females. The melanization response observed in Cx. quinquefasciatus was important for vector survival by limiting the number of larvae, acting as an important mechanism of parasitic-host interactions. The data indicate that the Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population should is an excelent vector of D. immitis at metropolitan region of Recife. Significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in the mortality rates between the RECIFE population of Ae. aegypti, UNICAMP population, ROCKFELLER strain, and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. Although no difference were observed between Ae. aegypti ROCKFELLER, UNICAMP and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. The vector efficiency (VE) rates of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population were 7.4% to 53.8% and 25.2% respectively. Not only the high number of infective third stage larvae of D. immitis in mouth of mosquitoes but also low mortality was observed in Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. This data showed that this specie is the best vector of heartworm infection in the study area. No melanization response was observed in Ae. Aegypti RECIFE population but high mortality was reported. The UNICAMP population and ROCKFELLER strain of Ae. aegypti were refractory to infection to D. immitis / Doutorado / Doutor em Parasitologia

An examination of the Companion Animal Parasite Council's (CAPC) canine heartworm data to clarify the spatial prevalence of heartworm in the United States. Factors thought to influence the spatial risk of disease, as identified in a recent CAPC workshop, are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1980. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-167).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Juliana Solozabal Martins da Rocha.pdf: 3772089 bytes, checksum: 41414ee2cbb97d4f355ca0c9f47ec737 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-09 / The microfilariaes when found should be identified correctly, for obtaining a correct diagnosis, since Dipetalonema is apathogenic and the infection doesn't request treatment, while Dirofilariosis, known as Heartworm Disease, it can take the dog to the death. This work had as objective to contribute to the diagnosis using histochemical differentiation in twelve sanguine samples of microfilaremics dogs and aid in the recognition of the identified species with that staining, based on the individual acid fosfatase activity and to confirm the use of a commercial kit for this procedure. They were identified Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum, making possible this technique in the taxonomy of those species. / As microfil?rias quando encontradas devem ser identificadas corretamente, para realiza??o de um diagn?stico preciso, j? que o Dipetalonema ? apatog?nico e a infec??o n?o requer tratamento, enquanto a Dirofilariose, conhecida como Doen?a do Verme do Cora??o, pode levar o c?o ? morte. Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir ao diagn?stico pela diferencia??o histoqu?mica em doze amostras sangu?neas de c?es microfilar?micos e auxiliar no reconhecimento das esp?cies identificadas por essa marca??o, baseada na atividade da fosfatase ?cida individual, confirmando a utiliza??o de um kit comercial para este procedimento. Foram identificadas histoquimicamente, Dirofilaria immitis e Dipetalonema reconditum, possibilitando esta t?cnica na taxonomia dessas esp?cies.

BACKGROUND:This paper examines the individual factors that influence prevalence rates of canine heartworm in the contiguous United States. A data set provided by the Companion Animal Parasite Council, which contains county-by-county results of over nine million heartworm tests conducted during 2011 and 2012, is analyzed for predictive structure. The goal is to identify the factors that are important in predicting high canine heartworm prevalence rates.METHODS:The factors considered in this study are those envisioned to impact whether a dog is likely to have heartworm. The factors include climate conditions (annual temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity), socio-economic conditions (population density, household income), local topography (surface water and forestation coverage, elevation), and vector presence (several mosquito species). A baseline heartworm prevalence map is constructed using estimated proportions of positive tests in each county of the United States. A smoothing algorithm is employed to remove localized small-scale variation and highlight large-scale structures of the prevalence rates. Logistic regression is used to identify significant factors for predicting heartworm prevalence.RESULTS:All of the examined factors have power in predicting heartworm prevalence, including median household income, annual temperature, county elevation, and presence of the mosquitoes Aedes trivittatus, Aedes sierrensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Interactions among factors also exist.CONCLUSIONS:The factors identified are significant in predicting heartworm prevalence. The factor list is likely incomplete due to data deficiencies. For example, coyotes and feral dogs are known reservoirs of heartworm infection. Unfortunately, no complete data of their populations were available. The regression model considered is currently being explored to forecast future values of heartworm prevalence.