Lam Tsz Yan. / Thesis submitted in: October 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Publications --- p.vii / Abbreviations --- p.ix / Contents --- p.x / Chapter 1. --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Obesity --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Pathophysiology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Central obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2. --- Diabetes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Overview --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Pathophysiology --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3. --- Lipolysis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Proteins participating in triglyceride lipolysis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.1. --- Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.2. --- Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.3. --- Perilipins --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Abnormal regulation of lipolysis in obesity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Disturbed lipolysis in insulin resistance --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4. --- Pharmacotherapy --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Obesity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.1. --- Orlistat --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.2. --- Sibutramine --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.3. --- Others --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Diabetes --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.1. --- Modulation of the β-cells functions --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.2. --- Control of glucose output --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.3. --- Modulation of carbohydrate absorption --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.4. --- Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5. --- Animal models used in type 2 diabetes and obesity research --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6. --- Aim of study --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- β-Adrenoceptors (β-ARs) --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Hormonal control of lipolysis --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.1.1. --- Catecholamines --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.1.2. --- Insulin --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Folic acid (folate) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2.1. --- Physiological roles of folate --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2.2. --- Folate deficiency and its consequences --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2.3. --- Hyperhomocysteinemia --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2.4. --- Pleiotropic effects of folate --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2.5. --- Role of folate in type 2 diabetes and obesity --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Lingzhi --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3.1. --- Triterpenoids --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3.2. --- Polysaccharides --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Materials --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Composition of physiological salt solution --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1.2. --- Materials used in lipolysis experiment --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1.3. --- Materials used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1.4. --- Materials used in Western blotting --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Lipolysis experiment --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.1. --- Animals --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.2. --- Drug administration --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3. --- Isolation of adipocytes --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.4. --- Lipolysis measurement --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.5. --- Data analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- RT-PCR --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.1. --- Tissue preparation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.2. --- RNA extraction --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.3. --- Reverse transcription (RT) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.4. --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.5. --- Agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.6. --- Data representation and analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- Western blotting --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.1. --- Tissue preparation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.2. --- Protein extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.3. --- Western blotting --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.4. --- Data representation and analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3. --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Studies on the β-adrenoceptor-mediated lipolytic response in +m/+db and +db/+db mice --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1.1. --- Effect of β2-adrenoceptor agonist on lipolysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1.2. --- Effect of β3-adrenoceptor agonists and their antagonists on lipolysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1.3. --- Effect of non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonists and their antagonists on lipolysis --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.1.4. --- Effect of modulators of intracellular cyclic nucleotide monophosphate on lipolysis --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1.5. --- Effect of exogenously delivered nitric oxide on lipolysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.6. --- Gene expression of β-adrenoceptors in white adipose tissue --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.7. --- Protein expression of β-adrenoceptors in white adipose tissue --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Effect of folic acid treatment on lipolysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- Determination of body weight --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.2. --- Effect of β2-adrenoceptor agonist on lipolysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.3. --- Effect of β-adrenoceptor agonists on lipolysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2.4. --- Effect of non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist on lipolysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.2.5. --- Effect of modulators of intracellular cyclic nucleotide monophosphate on lipolysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.2.6. --- Effect of exogenously delivered nitric oxide on lipolysis --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.2.7. --- Gene expression of β-adrenoceptors in white adipose tissue --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.2.8. --- Protein expression of β-adrenoceptors in white adipose tissue --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Effect of Lingzhi (water-extract) treatment on lipolysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.3.1. --- Determination of body weight --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.3.2. --- Lipolytic effect of forskolin --- p.54 / Chapter 3. --- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-y (PPAR-γ) --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.1.1. --- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.1.1.1. --- "PPAR-γ in obesity, lipid metabolism and type 2 diabetes" --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.1.1.2. --- PPAR-γ in inflammation and atherosclerosis --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.1.2. --- PPAR-γ and thiazolidinediones --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2. --- Materials and method --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Materials --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Composition of physiological salt solution --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- Materials used in lipolysis experiment --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.1.3. --- Materials used in RT-PCR --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.1.4. --- Materials used in Western blotting --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Methods --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Lipolysis experiment --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- RT-PCR --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Western blotting --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3. --- Results --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Effect of PPAR-γ agonists on lipolysis --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Gene expression of PPAR-γ in white adipose tissue --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Protein expression of PPAR-γ in white adipose tissue --- p.97 / Chapter 4. --- 3-Hydoxy-3-MethylgIutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular diseases --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Statins --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.2.1. --- Modes of action --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.2.2. --- Therapeutic efficacy of statins --- p.108 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.1. --- Diabetes --- p.108 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.2. --- Coronary artery disease --- p.109 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Distribution and expression of HMG-CoA reductase --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and method --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Materials --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1.1. --- Composition of physiological salt solution --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1.2. --- Materials used in lipolysis experiment --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1.3. --- Materials used in RT-PCR --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1.4. --- Materials used in Western blotting --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Methods --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Lipolysis experiment --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- RT-PCR --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.3. --- Western blotting --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Effect of statins on lipolysis --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase in various internal organs --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Protein expression of HMG-CoA reductase in various internal organs --- p.113 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter 5.1. --- β-adrenoceptor-mediated lipolysis --- p.122 / Chapter 5.2. --- Studies on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ --- p.140 / Chapter 5.3. --- Studies on HMG-CoA reductase --- p.142 / Chapter 5.4. --- Further studies --- p.147 / Chapter 5.5. --- Conclusions --- p.148 / Chapter 6. --- References --- p.152

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