Xenophobia is a fear or contempt of that which is foreign or unknown, especially of strangers or foreign people. It comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning "foreigner," "stranger," and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear." The term is typically used to describe a fear or dislike of foreigners or of people significantly different from oneself.1 On 11 May 2008 foreigners, mainly black people who lived in poor areas were attacked by South African citizens in South Africa; the attacks started in Alexandra, Johannesburg and spread to other areas in the country.2 Due to the occurrence 62 people were officially confirmed dead; 342 foreigners‟ shops were looted and 213 burnt down.3 Forty one foreigners were killed during the incident; such kinds of xenophobic attacks against foreigners had taken place in the country before, having reached their peak in May 2008.4 Further, „at least 670 people were wounded, and over 100 000 displaced.‟ / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Onoria of the Faculty of Law, University of Makerere. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

O presente trabalho tem por intuito demonstrar a solidão, a incomunicabilidade e a precariedade dos relacionamentos no mundo moderno. Para tanto fizemos um estudo detalhado das personagens e da linguagem simbólica presentes em A gata e a fábula, de Fernanda Botelho e Exílio, de Lya Luft. Coincidentemente, o contexto histórico das duas obras consiste na ditadura, que ocorreu em Portugal e no Brasil, porém não aparece explicitamente nos romances, mesmo porque o enfoque de ambos é o de mostrar a situação da mulher numa sociedade conservadora e patriarcal. Ambos os romances mostram a mulher à procura de sua identidade numa sociedade na qual ela sempre ocupou uma posição inferior. / The aim of the present research is to demonstrate the solitude, the lack of comunication and the uncertainty of the relationships in our contemporary world. In order to show this, we did a detailed study of the characters and of the symbolic speech presented in A gata e a fábula written by Fernanda Botelho and Exílio, written by Lya Luft. The historical context of the novels is, coincidently, the dictatorship which happened in Portugal and in Brazil, but this fact does not appear clearly in these novels, because their main focus is to show the woman\'s situation facing a strict and patriarchal society. Both novels show the woman in search of ber identity in a society in which she always had a lower position.

O presente trabalho tem por intuito demonstrar a solidão, a incomunicabilidade e a precariedade dos relacionamentos no mundo moderno. Para tanto fizemos um estudo detalhado das personagens e da linguagem simbólica presentes em A gata e a fábula, de Fernanda Botelho e Exílio, de Lya Luft. Coincidentemente, o contexto histórico das duas obras consiste na ditadura, que ocorreu em Portugal e no Brasil, porém não aparece explicitamente nos romances, mesmo porque o enfoque de ambos é o de mostrar a situação da mulher numa sociedade conservadora e patriarcal. Ambos os romances mostram a mulher à procura de sua identidade numa sociedade na qual ela sempre ocupou uma posição inferior. / The aim of the present research is to demonstrate the solitude, the lack of comunication and the uncertainty of the relationships in our contemporary world. In order to show this, we did a detailed study of the characters and of the symbolic speech presented in A gata e a fábula written by Fernanda Botelho and Exílio, written by Lya Luft. The historical context of the novels is, coincidently, the dictatorship which happened in Portugal and in Brazil, but this fact does not appear clearly in these novels, because their main focus is to show the woman\'s situation facing a strict and patriarchal society. Both novels show the woman in search of ber identity in a society in which she always had a lower position.

Background: Organizations desire to create and maintain a strong and long-lasting relationship with their consumers. Firms enjoy many benefits through the loyalty of customers, such as lower marketing costs, increased revenue, and much more. Our study pinpoints two specific elements within brand loyalty that are in need of research: brand longevity, which describes the duration of a brand’s activeness, and customer loyalty to disliked brands. Furthermore, our study tries to identify how consumers add value during their relationship with the video game franchise FIFA. We identified the video game franchise FIFA as a perfect fit for this study; a criticized franchise that has been successful since 1993. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to understand why a disliked brand stays successful despite increasing criticisms from critics and consumers. Research Problem: Our study identified a need for further investigation into the concept of brand longevity, brands with a rich heritage would benefit from understanding their assemblage. Furthermore, qualitative research is needed to address the lack of knowledge of loyalty for disliked brands in other cultural and demographical contexts. Finally, more insights about customer value are needed to better understand how firms can evaluate their customers. Research Question: How is FIFA able to attain such longevity, despite receiving strong critics on their annual products? Method: Ontology through a relativistic scope - Epistemology with a social constructionism view - 20 Semi-structured Interviews - Snowball Sampling for gathering participants - Content Analysis for analyzing and coding the data. Conclusion: Our study managed to identify several drivers that keep consumers loyal to FIFA. We also identified how the community of FIFA perceives the environment of the franchise. Finally, the intensity of the value contribution has been outlined to illustrate how consumer differs from each other. Practical Implications: Emerging from our findings, implications are formulated for franchises, brands, and firms in general, both inside and outside of the gaming industry.