Current trends in electric power consumption indicate an increasing use of dc in end-user equipment, such as computers and other electronic appliances used in households and offices. With a dc power system, ac/dc conversion within these loads can be avoided, and losses reduced. AC/DC conversion is instead centralized, and by using efficient, fully controllable power-electronic interfaces, high power quality for both ac and dc systems during steady state and ac grid disturbances can be obtained. Connection of back-up energy storage and small-size generation is also easier to realize in a dc power system. To facilitate practical application, it is important that the shift from ac to dc can be implemented with minimal changes. Results from measurements carried out on common household appliances show that most loads are able to operate with dc supply without any modifications. Furthermore, simple, and yet sufficiently accurate, load models have been derived using the measurement results. The models have been used for further analysis of the dc system, both in steady state and during transients. AC microgrids have gained research interest during the last years. A microgrid is a part of power systems which can operate both connected to the ac grid, and autonomously in island mode when the loads are supplied from locally distributed resources. A low-voltage dc microgrid can be used to supply sensitive electronic loads, since it combines the advantages of using a dc supply for electronic loads, and using local generation to supply sensitive loads. An example of a commercial power system which can benefit from using a dc microgrid is data center. The lower losses due to fewer power conversion steps results in less heat which need to be cooled, and therefore the operation costs are lowered. To ensure reliable operation of a low-voltage dc microgrid, well-designed control and protection systems are needed. An adaptive controller is required to coordinate the different resources based on the load-generation balance in the microgrid, and status of the ac grid. The performance of the developed controller has been studied and evaluated through simulations. The results show that it is possible to extend use of the data center dc microgrid to also support a limited amount of ac loads close to the data center, for example an office building. A protection-system design for low-voltage dc microgrids has been proposed, and different protection devices and grounding methods have been presented. Moreover, different fault types and their impact on the system have been analyzed. The type of protection that can be used depends on the sensitivity of the components in the microgrid. Detection methods for different components have been suggested in order to achieve a fast and accurate fault clearing. An experimental small-scale dc power system has been used to supply different loads, both during normal and fault conditions. A three-phase two-level voltage source converter in series with a Buck converter was used to interconnect the ac and the dc power systems. Together the converters have large controllability, high power quality performance, and allow bi-directional power flow. This topology can preferably be used together with energy storage. The tests confirm the feasibility of using a dc power system to supply sensitive electronic loads. / QC 20100908

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricciardi_TiagoRodarte_M.pdf: 3291776 bytes, checksum: c647c3c5eaa394835294087b10e89863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O uso de geradores conectados via inversores em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos em razão dos avanços obtidos nas tecnologias de células a combustível e fotovoltaicas bem como de microturbinas e turbinas eólicas. Nesse contexto, a utilização de sistemas de proteção antiilhamento no ponto de conexão do gerador com a rede elétrica é uma das exigências previstas nos principais guias técnicos empregados pelas concessionárias. Ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte da rede de distribuição torna-se eletricamente isolada da fonte de energia principal (subestação), mas continua a ser energizada por geradores distribuídos conectados no subsistema isolado. No caso particular dos geradores conectados via inversores, os principais dispositivos utilizados comercialmente para fornecer proteção antiilhamento são baseados no conceito de realimentação positiva, cuja idéia básica é empregar um dos parâmetros que definem a tensão terminal do gerador como sinal de realimentação positiva no seu sistema controle. Caso o gerador esteja conectado ao sistema de distribuição, a realimentação positiva não consegue, a priori, desestabilizar o gerador. Por outro lado, caso o gerador torne-se ilhado, a realimentação positiva fará com que o gerador se torne instável e, por conseguinte, a situação de ilhamento pode ser rapidamente detectada por relés de sub/sobre tensão e/ou sub/sob freqüência. Visto que tal esquema de proteção esforça-se para desestabilizar o gerador independentemente da ocorrência ou não de ilhamentos, é fundamental desenvolver ferramentas para analisar a estabilidade de redes com múltiplos geradores equipados com proteção antiilhamento via realimentação positiva. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi desenvolver uma série de modelos linearizados no espaço de estados para representar os principais dispositivos de proteção antiilhamento existentes comercialmente a fim de investigar a estabilidade frente a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com múltiplos geradores conectados via inversores utilizando-se análise modal / Abstract: The usage of inverter-based generators connected directly to electric Power distribution systems has considerably increased in recent years due to the technological advances of fuel and photovoltaic cells as well as microturbines and wind turbines. In this context, the usage of anti-islanding protection devices at the interconnection point is required by the main technical guides utilized by the utilities. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system becomes electrically isolated from the remainder of the power system, yet continues to be energized by distributed generators. In the case of inverter-based generators, the main devices commercially employed to supply anti-islanding protection are based on the positive feedback concept. These methods use the deviations of voltage frequency and/or magnitude from normal values as positive feedback signals into the control system to influence the operation of inverterbased distributed generators. If the generator is connected to a strong utility system, in priori, the destabilizing force of the positive feedback has a negligible impact and the generator can operate without difficulties. On the other hand, when the generator is islanded, the positive feedback can destabilize the generator easily. Such distinctively different generator behaviors facilitate the detection of islanding conditions by using under/over voltage and frequency relays. Since the positive feedback scheme is a destabilizing force, the impact of this scheme on the stability of system with multiples inverter-based generators is of concern. If the positive feedback gain is too high, the generator may become unstable even if it is connected to the main supply system. Thus, the objective of this master thesis is to develop several small-signal models to investigate the stability of distribution network with multiple inverter-based generators with positive feedback anti-islanding protection by using modal analysis / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica