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Quantum information theorySchumann, Robert Helmut 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: What are the information processing capabilities of physical systems?
As recently as the first half of the 20th century this question did not even have a definite
meaning. What is information, and how would one process it? It took the development of
theories of computing (in the 1930s) and information (late in the 1940s) for us to formulate
mathematically what it means to compute or communicate.
Yet these theories were abstract, based on axiomatic mathematics: what did physical systems
have to do with these axioms? Rolf Landauer had the essential insight - "Information is
physical" - that information is always encoded in the state of a physical system, whose dynamics
on a microscopic level are well-described by quantum physics. This means that we cannot discuss
information without discussing how it is represented, and how nature dictates it should behave.
Wigner considered the situation from another perspective when he wrote about "the unreasonable
effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences". Why are the computational techniques
of mathematics so astonishingly useful in describing the physical world [1]? One might begin to
suspect foul play in the universe's operating principles.
Interesting insights into the physics of information accumulated through the 1970s and 1980s
- most sensationally in the proposal for a "quantum computer". If we were to mark a particular
year in which an explosion of interest took place in information physics, that year would have to
be 1994, when Shor showed that a problem of practical interest (factorisation of integers) could be
solved easily on a quantum computer. But the applications of information in physics - and vice
versa - have been far more widespread than this popular discovery. These applications range
from improved experimental technology, more sophisticated measurement techniques, methods
for characterising the quantum/classical boundary, tools for quantum chaos, and deeper insight
into quantum theory and nature.
In this thesis I present a short review of ideas in quantum information theory. The first chapter
contains introductory material, sketching the central ideas of probability and information theory.
Quantum mechanics is presented at the level of advanced undergraduate knowledge, together with
some useful tools for quantum mechanics of open systems. In the second chapter I outline how
classical information is represented in quantum systems and what this means for agents trying
to extract information from these systems. The final chapter presents a new resource: quantum
information. This resource has some bewildering applications which have been discovered in the
last ten years, and continually presents us with unexpected insights into quantum theory and
the universe. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot watter mate kan fisiese sisteme informasie verwerk?
So onlangs soos die begin van die 20ste eeu was dié vraag nog betekenisloos. Wat is informasie,
en wat bedoel ons as ons dit wil verwerk? Dit was eers met die ontwikkeling van die teorieë van
berekening (in die 1930's) en informasie (in die laat 1940's) dat die tegnologie beskikbaar geword
het wat ons toelaat om wiskundig te formuleer wat dit beteken om te bereken of te kommunikeer.
Hierdie teorieë was egter abstrak en op aksiomatiese wiskunde gegrond - mens sou wel kon
wonder wat fisiese sisteme met hierdie aksiomas te make het. Dit was Rolf Landauer wat uiteindelik
die nodige insig verskaf het - "Informasie is fisies" - informasie word juis altyd in 'n fisiese
toestand gekodeer, en so 'n fisiese toestand word op die mikroskopiese vlak akkuraat deur kwantumfisika
beskryf. Dit beteken dat ons nie informasie kan bespreek sonder om ook na die fisiese
voorstelling te verwys nie, of sonder om in ag te neem nie dat die natuur die gedrag van informasie
voorskryf.
Hierdie situasie is vanaf 'n ander perspektief ook deur Wigner beskou toe hy geskryf het
oor "die onredelike doeltreffendheid van wiskunde in die natuurwetenskappe". Waarom slaag
wiskundige strukture en tegnieke van wiskunde so uitstekend daarin om die fisiese wêreld te
beskryf [1]? Dit laat 'n mens wonder of die beginsels waarvolgens die heelal inmekaar steek
spesiaal so saamgeflans is om ons 'n rat voor die oë te draai.
Die fisika van informasie het in die 1970's en 1980's heelwat interessante insigte opgelewer,
waarvan die mees opspraakwekkende sekerlik die gedagte van 'n kwantumrekenaar is. As ons
één jaar wil uitsonder as die begin van informasiefisika, is dit die jaar 1994 toe Shor ontdek
het dat 'n belangrike probleem van algemene belang (die faktorisering van groot heelgetalle)
moontlik gemaak word deur 'n kwantumrekenaar. Die toepassings van informasie in fisika,
en andersom, strek egter veel wyer as hierdie sleutel toepassing. Ander toepassings strek van
verbeterde eksperimentele metodes, deur gesofistikeerde meetmetodes, metodes vir die ondersoek
en beskrywing van kwantumchaos tot by dieper insig in die samehang van kwantumteorie en die
natuur.
In hierdie tesis bied ek 'n kort oorsig oor die belangrikste idees van kwantuminformasie teorie.
Die eerste hoofstuk bestaan uit inleidende materiaal oor die belangrikste idees van waarskynlikheidsteorie
en klassieke informasie teorie. Kwantummeganika word op 'n gevorderde voorgraadse
vlak ingevoer, saam met die nodige gereedskap van kwantummeganika vir oop stelsels.
In die tweede hoofstuk spreek ek die voorstelling van klassieke informasie en kwantumstelsels
aan, en die gepaardgaande moontlikhede vir 'n agent wat informasie uit sulke stelsels wil kry.
Die laaste hoofstuk ontgin 'n nuwe hulpbron: kwantuminformasie. Gedurende die afgelope tien
jaar het hierdie nuwe hulpbron tot verbysterende nuwe toepassings gelei en ons keer op keer tot
onverwagte nuwe insigte oor kwantumteorie en die heelal gelei.
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Transverse and longitudinal Bose-Einstein correlations in antiproton-proton reactions at centre-of-mass energy 630 GeVOctober, Faith Joy 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: We use Hanbury-Brown Twiss interferometry to determine Bose-Einstein correlations in the
transverse and longitudinal directions. By using these two directions, we are able to determine
the shape of the pion emitting source. The analysis is done with the UA1 (1985) data for pp
collisions at Vs = 630 GeV. Two frames of reference, namely the laboratory frame and the
Longitudinal Center-of-Mass System (LCMS) are used. A fit to a two-dimensional Gaussian
parametrization yields good results.
In the laboratory frame, an oblate form of the source is observed, with the value of the
transverse radius (rt) larger than the longitudinal (rL) one. The LCMS analysis finds a prolate
form of the source (rt < rL). A few reasons are discussed for the difference in the shape between
the different reference frames. Our results are also compared with other hadron-hadron and
e+ e: experiments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hanbury-Brown Twiss interferometrie was gebruik om Bose-Einstein korrelasies in die transversale
en longitudinale rigtings te bepaal. Deur hierdie twee rigtings te gebruik, kan die vorm van
die pion-bron bepaal word. Die UA1 (1985) datastel van die pp botsings by Vs = 630 GeV is
gebruik om die analise uit te voer. Twee verwysingstelsels, naamlik die laboratorium stelsel en
die Longitudinale Massamiddelpunt-stelsel is aangewend. 'n Passing met 'n twee-dimensionele
Gaussiese parametrisering het goeie resultate opgelewer.
In die laboratorium stelsel, is 'n ovaalvormige vorm vir die bron waargeneem, met die transversale
radius (rt) groter as die longitudinale radius (rl)' Die Longitudinale Massamiddelpunt stelsel
het 'n prolate vorm vir die bron voorspel, met rt < ri, 'n Paar redes vir die verskil in die vorm
van die pion-bron vir die verskillende verwysingstelsels word bespreek. Ons resultate word ook
met ander hadron-hadron en e+e- eksperimente vergelyk.
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Flow equations for hamiltonians from continuous unitary transformationsBartlett, Bruce 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents an overview of the flow equations recently introduced by Wegner. The little
known mathematical framework is established in the initial chapter and used as a background for the
entire presentation. The application of flow equations to the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation and to
the elimination of the electron-phonon coupling in a solid is reviewed. Recent flow equations approaches to
the Lipkin model are examined thoroughly, paying special attention to their utility near the phase change
boundary. We present more robust schemes by requiring that expectation values be flow dependent;
either through a variational or self-consistent calculation. The similarity renormalization group equations
recently developed by Glazek and Wilson are also reviewed. Their relationship to Wegner's flow equations
is investigated through the aid of an instructive model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bied 'n oorsig van die vloeivergelykings soos dit onlangs deur Wegner voorgestel is. Die
betreklik onbekende wiskundige raamwerk word in die eerste hoofstuk geskets en deurgans as agtergrond
gebruik. 'n Oorsig word gegee van die aanwending van die vloeivergelyking vir die Foldy-Wouthuysen
transformasie en die eliminering van die elektron-fonon wisselwerking in 'n vastestof. Onlangse benaderings
tot die Lipkin model, deur middel van vloeivergelykings, word ook deeglik ondersoek. Besondere aandag
word gegee aan hul aanwending naby fasegrense. 'n Meer stewige skema word voorgestel deur te vereis
dat verwagtingswaardes vloei-afhanklik is; óf deur gevarieerde óf self-konsistente berekenings. 'n Inleiding
tot die gelyksoortigheids renormerings groep vergelykings, soos onlangs ontwikkel deur Glazek en Wilson,
word ook aangebied. Hulle verwantskap met die Wegner vloeivergelykings word bespreek aan die hand
van 'n instruktiewe voorbeeld.
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Polymer networks at surfacesVandoolaeghe, Wendy Leigh 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis the formation and properties of a polymer gel on and at a surface
are investigated. The gel under investigation is defined as a three-dimensional network
of macromolecules that form permanent links with one another and also with
confining planar surfaces. The precise location of the crosslinks on the wall or on
another macromolecule is not known prior to linking, and will differ from sample to
sample. However, once the crosslinks are formed, they are assumed to be permanent.
This random linking is the source of the disorder in the system, over which
a quenched average has to be taken. An existing model [9] of network formation,
with polymer-polymer crosslinks, is extended to incorporate a surface and polymersurface
crosslinks. Within the framework of replica theory, statistical averages and
physical properties of the system are calculated by means of a variational approach.
Macroscopic information, in terms of the free energy of deformation, is obtained by
using two different potentials to simulate the erosslinks mathematically. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die vorming en eienskappe van 'n polimeergel, wat teen 'n
oppervlak gevorm word, ondersoek. Die gel word gedefinieer as 'n drie-dimensionele
netwerk van makromolekules wat permanente bindings met mekaar, maar ook met
twee inperkende, platvlakke, vorm. Die presiese ligging van die bindings op die
muur en op ander makromolekules is nie vooraf bekend nie, en sal verskil van een
gel-monster tot die volgende. Sodra die konneksies egter gevorm is, word aanvaar
dat hulle permanent is. Die lukrake bindingsproses is die oorsprong van wanorde
in die sisteem, waaroor 'n wanorde-gemiddelde bereken moet word. 'n Bestaande
model [9]van netwerkvorming, met polimeer-polimeer bindings, word uitgebrei om 'n
oppervlakte en polimeer-oppervlak bindings in te sluit. Statistiese fisika gemiddeldes
en fisiese eienskappe van die sisteem word binne die raamwerk van replika-teorie en 'n
variasie benadering bereken. Makroskopiese inligting, in terme van die vrye energie
van vervorming, word verkry deur twee verskillende potensiale te gebruik om die
konneksies wiskundig voor te stel.
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Thulium doped fibre lasers in continuous-wave and pulsed regimesCoetzee, Riaan Stuart 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The following work focuses on the development and characterization of efficient,
high-power, Thulium doped fibre lasers. Lasers emitting light around ~2 μm have
generated a large amount of interest owing to the range of applications requiring and
utilizing light centred on this wavelength. Laser light in this emission band is
considered “eye-safe” which makes it ideal for applications where eye-safety is
paramount. The aim of this work is to develop expertise in Thulium doped fibre
lasers. Background information relevant to the functioning of Thulium doped fibre
lasers is presented. An existing diode pumped, CW Thulium doped fibre laser is
characterized. The wavelength output as well as the efficiency of the fibre laser was
characterized for different fibre temperatures, indicating shorter wavelength output for
lower fibre temperatures. Additionally, initial results indicate that without any
wavelength control (fibre Bragg gratings, volume Bragg grating), the spectrum and
laser output is temporally unstable. The design, development and characterization of a
diode pumped, CW and Q-switched Thulium doped fibre laser is discussed. The
design process and considerations are discussed in detail. Different feedback
elements, including a volume Bragg Grating, are utilized to constitute the laser
resonator as well as two lengths of doped fibre. The CW fibre laser is characterized
with regard to its slope efficiency, spectral output, temporal behaviour, beam profile
and polarization. A maximum slope efficiency of 37 % was obtained for 6.5 metres of
active fibre, only limited by the onset of thermal damage of the fibre ends. Pulsed
mode of the fibre laser was facilitated with the aid of an Acousto Optic Modulator
(AOM). At a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz and average power of 2 W, a maximum
pulse energy of 200 μJ is obtained with pulse durations of 77 ns. This corresponds to
a maximum peak power of 2.6 kW / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis fokus op die ontwikkeling en karakterisering van doeltreffende, hoëdrywing
vesellasers met Tulium as aktiewe ioon. Lasers met uitset golflengte rondom
~ 2 μm verwek groot akademise belangstelling gegewe die verskeidenheid praktiese
toepassings wat lig by ~ 2 μm vereis en benut. Laserlig in hierdie golflengtegebied
word beskou as "oogveilig", wat dit ideaal maak vir toepassings waar oogveiligheid
uiters belangrik is. Die doel van hierdie werk is om kundigheid in vesellasers, met
Tulium as aktiewe ioon, te ontwikkel. Agtergrondinligting met betrekking tot die
funksionering van Tulium vesellasers word eerstens bespreek. Daarna word 'n
bestaande diode-gepompde Tulium vesellaser bespreek in terme van die
karakteriseering van die uitset laser spektrum, asook die doeltreffendheid van die
vesel laser vir verskillende temperature, wat dui op korter golflengtes vir laer
temperature. Daarbenewens het die aanvanklike resultate daarop gedui dat sonder
enige golflengte beheer (vesel Bragg roosters, volume Bragg rooster), die spektrum en
uitsetdrywing tydelik onstabiel is. Die ontwerp, ontwikkeling en karakterisering van
'n diode-gepompde kontinuedrywing en Q-geskakelde Tulium vesellaser word
bespreek. Die ontwerp-proses en oorwegings word in detail bespreek. Verskillende
hoë-reflekterende elemente, insluitend 'n volume Bragg rooster, word gebruik om die
laserresonator te vorm. Twee lengtes van die aktiewe vesel word ook eksperimenteel
ondersoek. Die kontinuedrywing vesel laser word gekarakteriseer met betrekking tot
die helling van die doeltreffendheidskurwe, spektrale uitset, tydsgedrag, straalprofiel
en polarisasie. 'n Maksimum hellingsdoeltreffendheid van 37% was behaal vir 6,5
meter van 'n aktiewe vesel maar was beperk deur die aanvang van skade aan die vesel
endpunt as gevolg van hitteoorlading. Pulsering van die vesellaser is bewerkstelling
met 'n Akoesties Optiese Modulator (AOM). Teen 'n pulstempo van 10 kHz en met ‘n
gemiddelde uitsetdrywing van 2 W, was die maksimum pulsenergie van 200 μJ
verkry met pulslengte van 77 ns. Dit stem ooreen met 'n maksimum piekdrwywing
van 2,6 kW.
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Crossovers and phase transitions in Bose-Fermi mixturesKimene Kaya, Boniface Dimitri Christel 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: We present a theoretical approach that allows for the description of trapped Bose-Fermi mixtures
with a tunable interspecies interaction in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance magnetic field.The
many-body physics of the system is treated at equilibrium using the well-established mean-field
and local density approximations. This reduces the physics locally to that of a homogeneous
system. We observe a rich local phase structure exhibiting both first and second order phase
transitions between the normal and BEC phases. We also consider the global properties of the
mixture at a fixed number of particles and investigate how the density profiles and the populations
of the various particle species depend on the detuning and trap profile. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ons beskou ’n teoretiese beskrywing van gevangde Bose-Fermi mengsels met ’n verstelbare interspesie
wisselwerking in die teenwoordigheid van ’n magneties-geïnduseerde Feshbach resonansie.
Die veeldeeltjiefisika van die sisteem word by ekwilibrium binne die welbekende gemiddelde-veld
en lokale-digtheid benaderings hanteer. Sodoende word die fisika lokaal tot die van ’n homogene
sisteem gereduseer. Ons neem ’n ryk fase-struktuur waar met beide eerste- en tweede-orde
fase-oorgange tussen die normale en BEK fases. Ons beskou ook die globale eienskappe van die
mengsel by ’n vaste totale aantal deeltjies en ondersoek hoe die digtheidsprofiele en deeltjiegetalle
van die afstemming en die profiel van die val afhang.
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Pre-equilibrium helion emission induced by protonsBezuidenhout, Jacques 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis is devoted to a study of the 93Nb( p r ,3He) and 59Co( p r ,3He) reactions at incident
energies of 100 MeV, 130 MeV and 160 MeV. Double differential cross sections and
analysing power distributions were measured from a threshold of ~30 MeV up to the
kinematic maximum and at scattering angles between 15º and 120º. The experimental data
were compared with theoretical calculations done by combining a statistical multistep theory
with a deuteron pickup mechanism in the final stage. The contribution of the first three steps
towards the total double differential cross section and analysing power was assessed.
The theory described the experimental double differential cross section and analysing power
data reasonably well over all incident and scattered energies and for both target nuclei. As
the incident energy was increased, the characteristics of the reaction mechanism also
remained consistent. Thus the results supported the underlying multistep-pickup theory. The
two target nuclei demonstrated similar responses, suggesting these two share the same basic
reaction mechanism.
The total double differential cross section for the reaction dropped with an increase in
incident energy. At a fixed emission energy, near the maximum allowed value, the slope of
the double differential cross section increased with an increase in incident energy, resulting in
the dominance of forward peaked reactions at higher incident energies.
The sensitivity of analysing power to the multistep part of the reaction was valuable to the
study. Forward-peaked contributions that were associated with single step direct reactions
resulted in large analysing power values at small scattering angles, and values dropped to
around zero at large angles. The analysing power also appeared to decrease to values
approximating zero as the incident energy was increased to 160 MeV. Furthermore, this
study also confirmed the dominance of higher step mechanisms at high excitation energies,
irrespective of incident energy. In general the results were in agreement with the predicted
properties of the assumed reaction mechanism at all incident and emission energies, which
inspires confidence that the theoretical interpretation is likely to be correct.
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Effective field theories for disordered systems from the logarithmic derivative of the wave-functionVan Biljon, Andrew 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation, we give an overview of disordered systems, where we concentrate on the
theoretical calculation techniques used in this field. We first discuss the general properties of
disordered systems and the different models and quantities used in the study of these systems,
before describing calculation techniques used to investigate the quantities introduced. These
calculation techniques include the phase formalism method used one dimension, as well as the
scaling approach and field theoretic approaches leading to non-linear c-models in higher dimensions.
We then introduce a complementary effective field theoretic approach based on the
logarithmic derivative of the wave-function, and show how the quantities of interest are calculated
using this method. As an example, the effective field theory is applied to one dimensional
systems with Gaussian disorder. The average density of states, the average 2-point correlator
and the conductivity are calculated in a weak disorder saddle-point approximation and in strong
disorder duality approximation. These results are then calculated numerically and in the case of
the density of states compared to the exact result. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis, gee ons 'n oorsig van sisteme met wanorde, waar ons konsentreer op teoretiese
berekeningsmetodes wat in die veld gebruik word. Eerstens bespreek ons die algemene eienskappe
van sisteme met wanorde en verskillende modelle en hoeveelhede wat gebruik word in die studie
van hierdie sisteme, voordat ons die berekeningsmetodes beskryf wat gebruik word om die bogenoemde
hoeveelhede te ondersoek. Hierdie berekeningstegnieke sluit in die fase formalisme wat
in een dimensie gebruik word, asook die skalingsbenadering en veldteoretiese metodes wat lei
tot nie-lineêr u-modelle in hoër dimensies. Ons voer in 'n komplementere effektiewe veldeteorie
gebaseer op die logaritmiese afgeleide van die golffunksie, en wys hoe hoeveelhede van belang
met hierdie metode bereken word. As 'n voorbeeld, word die effektiewe veldetoerie toegepas op
'n een dimensionele sisteem met 'n Gauss verdeling. Die gemiddelde digtheid van toestande,
die gemiddelde 2-punt korrelator en die gemiddelde geleidingsvermoë word bereken in 'n swak
wanorde saalpunt benadering en in 'n sterk wanorde duale benadering. Hierdie resultate word
dan numeries bereken, en in die geval van die digtheid van toestande vergelyk met die eksakte
resultaat.
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Relativistic plane wave description of spin transfer observables for proton knockout reactionsWyngaardt, Shaun Metzler 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation we set out to develop the first relativistic model for calculating complete
sets of (p, 2p) spin transfer observables. In addition to this a new technique has been developed
which allows us to evaluate the transition amplitude, which is used to calculate the scattering
observables for the reaction directly. The influence of various modiuin-modificd parameters ()1I
the scattered wave functions anr] NN interact ion lH-IVC' })('('11 invest igatcd DlIC t,C) (I,llIlJigllitic's
surrounding the nNN coupling we have included both pseudosoalar and pseudovector coupling
into the nucleon-nucleon interaction model. Furthermore we have included two different kinematic
prescriptions to obtain the effective NN laboratory kinetic energy and center of mass
scattering angle, which are used to obtain the NN scattering amplitudes. The aim of this
study is to investigate the effects of the various model parameters on complete sets of scattering
observables.
Our investigation has shown that although the analyzing power is not very sensitive to nuclear
medium effects, and the various other spin transfer observables such as Dnn should provide
valuable insight. Further refinements of the model would be to include nuclear distortions as
well as the IA2 model of the NN interaction. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis ontwikkel ons die eerste relatiwistiese model vir die berekening van 'n volledige
stel (p, 2p) spin waarneembares. Verder word 'n nuwe tegniek ingevoer wat ons toelaat om die
oorgangsamplitude, wat gebruik word in berekening van die verstrooings waarneembares vir
die reaksie, direk te evalueer. Die invloed van verskeie medium-gemodifiseerde parameters op
die verstrooide golffunksies en die NN wisselwerking word bestudeer. As gevolg van onsekerhede
betreffende die лNN koppeling word beide die pseudoskalaar en pseudovektor koppeling
in die nukleon-nukleon interaksie model ingesluit. Ons sluit ook twee verskillende kinematiese
preskripsies in om die effektiewe NN laboratorium kinetiese energie en die massa middelpunt
verstrooiings hoek, wat gebruik word vir die berekening van die NN verstrooiings amplitude,
te bereken. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effek van verskeie model parameters op 'n
volledige stel spin waarneembares te ondersoek.
Die studie toon dat alhoewel die analiseervermoë nie baie sensitief is vir medium effekte
nie, die ander spin waarneembares soos byvoorbeeld Dnn waardevolle insig lewer. Daar word
voorgestel dat die model verfyn word deur kerndistorsies as ook die meer algemele IA2 model
vir die NN interaksie in te sluit.
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Vacuum ultraviolet laser spectroscopy of CO molecules in a supersonic jetSteinmann, C. M. (Christine Margarete) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A tunable narrow-bandwidth laser source combined with a supersonic gas jet as sample is wellsuited
for obtaining high-resolution spectra of cold isolated molecules and complexes. In the
present study such a laser source in the vacuum ultraviolet was applied to the spectroscopic
investigation of rare carbon monoxide (CO) isotopomers and CO-noble gas van der Waals
complexes in supersonic gas pulses seeded with natural CO gas.
Tunable coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation was generated by two-photon resonant fourwave
sum-frequency mixing of two pulsed dye laser beams in a magnesium vapour medium.
Laser induced fluorescence excitation spectra of the A(v'=3)-X(v"=0) vibronic band of CO
molecules in a noble gas (neon or argon) jet were obtained by measuring the total undispersed
fluorescence from the irradiated sample volume in dependence of the excitation wavelength. The
dynamics of the flow-cooling process in the supersonic jet were investigated and the experimental
parameters optimised using the rotational temperature of 12C160as determined from rotational
line intensities. Rotational temperatures as low as 2 ± I K were observed.
Spectroscopic detection of the rare 12C170and 12C180isotopomers was facilitated by the low
rotational temperature and high spectral resolution. Six rotational lines of 12C170and four of
12C180were detected in the A(v'=3)-X(v"=0) vibronic band. This demonstrates the low detection
limit (circa 3 parts per million) obtained in the experiment. The line wavelengths were
determined to an accuracy of 0.2 pm using the well-documented 12C160and 13C160lines for
calibration. The spectral results on 12C170are, to our knowledge, the first rotationally resolved
laboratory measurements published on the A-X band of this isotopomer. Accurate wavelength
data of the stable isotopomers of CO is of importance in the interpretation of astrophysical
observations of CO in the interstellar medium. The newly determined 12C170wavelengths were
successfully applied to a recent problem in astrophysics (Astrophys. J. Lett. 2003).
The conditions in a supersonic jet facilitate the study of weakly bound van der Waals
complexes, of which CO-noble gas complexes are prototypes. However, there is no experimental
data available on the electronic excitation spectra of the CO-noble gas complexes, lying in the
vacuum ultraviolet region. In the present experiment evidence of extensive complexation of the CO in the noble gas jet has been found, but in the spectral region around the A(v'=3)-X(v"=O)
band of CO no distinct spectral features that could be associated with these complexes were
observed. Having considered the existing knowledge on CO and CO-noble gas complexes and
experimental studies on the excitation and dissociation dynamics of Iz-noble gas complexes, we
regard complex induced inter-system crossing or electronic predissociation as the most likely
causes for these observations.
The results on the rare CO isotopomers demonstrate the potential of our experimental setup
for high-resolution, isotope and state selective spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet with a high
sensitivity for fluorescent species. The availability of the now well-characterised experimental
setup in our laboratory opens the way for further investigation of molecular or complex species
with spectroscopic features in the vacuum ultraviolet region. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vakuum ultraviolet laser spektroskopie van CO
molekules in 'n supersoniese gasstraal:
'n Afstembare smal bandwydte laserbron en 'n supersoniese gasstraal as monster is 'n geskikte
kombinasie vir hoë-resolusie spektroskopie van geïsoleerde afgekoelde molekules en komplekse.
In hierdie studie is so 'n laserbron in die vakuum ultraviolet gebruik in die spektroskopiese
ondersoek van skaars koolstofmonoksied (CO) isotopomere en CO-edelgas van der Waals
komplekse in supersoniese gaspulse wat 'n klein persentasie natuurlike CO gas bevat.
Afstembare koherente vakuum ultraviolet lig is verkry deur twee-foton resonante vier-golf
som-frekwensie vermenging van twee gepulseerde kleurstoflaserbundels in 'n magnesiumdamp
medium. Laser-geïnduseerde fluoressensie opwekkingspektra van die A(v'=3)-X(v"=0)
vibroniese band van die CO molekules in die edelgasstraal (neon of argon) is uitgemeet deur die
totale fluoressensie van die beligte gasmonster, sonder golflengteskeiding, te meet as funksie van
die opwekkingsgolflengte. Die dinamika van die vloeiverkoelingsproses in die supersoniese
gasstraal is ondersoek en die eksperimentele parameters geoptimeer deur gebruik te maak van die
rotasionele temperatuur van 12Cl60 soos bepaal uit die intensiteitsverhoudings van die
rotasielyne. Rotasionele temperature tot so laag as 2 ± 1 K is waargeneem.
Spektroskopiese waarneming van die skaars 12C170 and 12Cl80 isotopomere is moontlik
gemaak deur die lae rotasionele temperatuur en die hoë spektrale resolusie. Ses rotasielyne van
12C170 en vier van 12C180 is waargeneem in die A(v'=3)-X(v"=0) vibroniese band. Dit
demonstreer die lae deteksielimiet (ongeveer 3 dele per miljoen) wat bereik kon word. Die
golflengtes van die lyne is bepaal met 'n akkuraatheid van 0.2 pm deur die bekende lyne van
12C160en 13C160vir kalibrasie te gebruik. Die resultate ten opsigte van 12C170 is sover vasgestel
kon word die eerste rotasioneel-opgeloste laboratorium metings van die A-X band van hierdie
isotopomeer. Akkurate golflengte data vir die stabiele CO isotopomere is van belang vir die
interpretasie van die astrofisiese waarnemings van CO in die interstellêre medium. Die nuwe
12C170 golflengtes is suksesvol aangewend in die oplossing van 'n onlangse
interpretasieprobleem in astrofisika (Astrophys. J. Lett. 2003).
Die toestande in 'n supersoniese gasstraal maak die bestudering van swak-gebonde van der
Waals komplekse moontlik. Hoewel CO-edelgas van der Waals komplekse as prototipes beskou word, is daar geen eksperimentele data beskikbaar oor die elektroniese opwekkingspektra van
hierdie spesies, wat in die vakuum ultraviolet gebied lê, nie. In hierdie studie is daar
eksperimentele getuienis gevind vir uitgebreide kompleksering van CO in die edelgasstraal, maar
in die spektraalgebied rondom die A(v'=3)-X(v"=O) band van CO is geen duidelike spektrale
kenmerke wat met hierdie komplekse geassosieer kan word, waargeneem nie. Na oorweging van
die bestaande kennins oor CO en CO-edelgas komplekse en eksperimentele studies oor die
opwekking en dissosiasie-dinamika van Iz-edelgas komplekse, beskou ons kompleksgeïnduseerde
intersisteemoorgange of elektroniese predissosiasie as die waarskynlikste redes vir hierdie
waarnemings.
Die resultate oor die skaars CO isotopomere toon die potensiaal van ons eksperimentele
opstelling vir hoë-resolusie, isotoop- en toestandselektiewe spektroskopie in die vakuum
ultraviolet met uitstekende sensitiwiteit vir fluoresserende spesies. Die beskikbaarheid van hierdie
nou deeglik gekarakteriseerde eksperimentele opstelling in ons laboratorium maak verdere
ondersoek na molekulêre of kompleks-spesies met spektroskopiese kenmerke in die vakuum
ultraviolet moontlik.
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