Devido à crescente utilização de componentes eletrônicos nos veículos automotores, as exigências mecânicas nesses itens estão cada vez maiores. Nos primeiros veículos a eletrônica embarcada era inexistente, em meados do século passado, passou a ser pequena e utilizada somente para funções de funcionamento e pouco importantes para a segurança, e caso ocorresse alguma falha não havia risco de vida. Nos automóveis desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas, os componentes eletrônicos estão sendo utilizados em aplicações como controle de injeção de combustível, sistemas de tração e freios, direções elétricas e acionamento de air bags, que estão diretamente relacionadas à segurança. Os requisitos de qualidade desses itens elevaram-se consideravelmente exigindo operação em temperaturas extremas e grandes acelerações. O processo de união mais eficiente para satisfazer aos requisitos mecânicos ainda é o de soldagem, mas há dificuldade em realizar as uniões sem danificar o componente ou prejudicar as propriedades elétricas em peças finas, da ordem de décimos de milímetros na espessura, com diferentes camadas de revestimento. Este trabalho analisa o processo de soldagem em capacitores, utilizando uma fonte de soldagem por resistência do tipo inversora, estudando os parâmetros de operação necessários para realizar a união de uma chapa de aço com 0,6 mm de espessura recoberta com três camadas de diferentes materiais: cobre, níquel e superfície externa de ouro. Este componente deve ser soldado a uma peça de alumínio. A influência da corrente de soldagem, pressão dos eletrodos, tempo de aplicação da corrente e tempo de retenção sobre a qualidade da união, avaliada pela resistência à tração alcançada e capacidade de realizar a união sem dano aos componentes ou ocorrência de falhas na superfície, foi analisada utilizando projeto de experimentos (DOE). Os resultados experimentais comprovam a eficiência do processo para utilização neste tipo de componentes garantindo a qualidade da junta e do componente para o desempenho de sua função. / Due to the increasing use of electronics in vehicles, the mechanical demands on these items are increasing. In the first vehicles onboard electronics was nonexistent in the middle of the last century, came to be used only for small, operating functions and unimportant to safety, and when there was a failure there was life threatening. In cars developed in recent decades, the electronic components are being used in applications such as fuel injection control, drive systems and brakes, directions and drive electric air bags, which are directly related to safety. The quality requirements of these items rose considerably demanding operation at extreme temperatures and high accelerations. The joining process more efficient to meet the mechanical requirements is still welding, but there is difficulty in performing the joints without damaging the component or interfere with the electrical properties of thin pieces, exhibiting tenths of a millimeter in thickness of different coating layers. This study examines the welding process in capacitors, using a inverter resistance welding power source, studying the operation parameters required to perform the joining of a steel plate 0.6 mm thick coated with three layers of different materials: a copper layer, a nickel layer and an external gold layer. This component must be welded to an aluminum plate. The influence of welding current, electrode pressure, time of current application and retention time on the quality of the union, as assessed by tensile resistance and ability to perform achieved union without damage to components or occurrence of any failures, was analyzed using design of experiments (DOE). The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the welding process in such components assuring the quality to perform its function.

Devido à crescente utilização de componentes eletrônicos nos veículos automotores, as exigências mecânicas nesses itens estão cada vez maiores. Nos primeiros veículos a eletrônica embarcada era inexistente, em meados do século passado, passou a ser pequena e utilizada somente para funções de funcionamento e pouco importantes para a segurança, e caso ocorresse alguma falha não havia risco de vida. Nos automóveis desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas, os componentes eletrônicos estão sendo utilizados em aplicações como controle de injeção de combustível, sistemas de tração e freios, direções elétricas e acionamento de air bags, que estão diretamente relacionadas à segurança. Os requisitos de qualidade desses itens elevaram-se consideravelmente exigindo operação em temperaturas extremas e grandes acelerações. O processo de união mais eficiente para satisfazer aos requisitos mecânicos ainda é o de soldagem, mas há dificuldade em realizar as uniões sem danificar o componente ou prejudicar as propriedades elétricas em peças finas, da ordem de décimos de milímetros na espessura, com diferentes camadas de revestimento. Este trabalho analisa o processo de soldagem em capacitores, utilizando uma fonte de soldagem por resistência do tipo inversora, estudando os parâmetros de operação necessários para realizar a união de uma chapa de aço com 0,6 mm de espessura recoberta com três camadas de diferentes materiais: cobre, níquel e superfície externa de ouro. Este componente deve ser soldado a uma peça de alumínio. A influência da corrente de soldagem, pressão dos eletrodos, tempo de aplicação da corrente e tempo de retenção sobre a qualidade da união, avaliada pela resistência à tração alcançada e capacidade de realizar a união sem dano aos componentes ou ocorrência de falhas na superfície, foi analisada utilizando projeto de experimentos (DOE). Os resultados experimentais comprovam a eficiência do processo para utilização neste tipo de componentes garantindo a qualidade da junta e do componente para o desempenho de sua função. / Due to the increasing use of electronics in vehicles, the mechanical demands on these items are increasing. In the first vehicles onboard electronics was nonexistent in the middle of the last century, came to be used only for small, operating functions and unimportant to safety, and when there was a failure there was life threatening. In cars developed in recent decades, the electronic components are being used in applications such as fuel injection control, drive systems and brakes, directions and drive electric air bags, which are directly related to safety. The quality requirements of these items rose considerably demanding operation at extreme temperatures and high accelerations. The joining process more efficient to meet the mechanical requirements is still welding, but there is difficulty in performing the joints without damaging the component or interfere with the electrical properties of thin pieces, exhibiting tenths of a millimeter in thickness of different coating layers. This study examines the welding process in capacitors, using a inverter resistance welding power source, studying the operation parameters required to perform the joining of a steel plate 0.6 mm thick coated with three layers of different materials: a copper layer, a nickel layer and an external gold layer. This component must be welded to an aluminum plate. The influence of welding current, electrode pressure, time of current application and retention time on the quality of the union, as assessed by tensile resistance and ability to perform achieved union without damage to components or occurrence of any failures, was analyzed using design of experiments (DOE). The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the welding process in such components assuring the quality to perform its function.

Devido à crescente utilização de componentes eletrônicos nos veículos automotores, as exigências mecânicas nesses itens estão cada vez maiores. Nos primeiros veículos a eletrônica embarcada era inexistente, em meados do século passado, passou a ser pequena e utilizada somente para funções de funcionamento e pouco importantes para a segurança, e caso ocorresse alguma falha não havia risco de vida. Nos automóveis desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas, os componentes eletrônicos estão sendo utilizados em aplicações como controle de injeção de combustível, sistemas de tração e freios, direções elétricas e acionamento de air bags, que estão diretamente relacionadas à segurança. Os requisitos de qualidade desses itens elevaram-se consideravelmente exigindo operação em temperaturas extremas e grandes acelerações. O processo de união mais eficiente para satisfazer aos requisitos mecânicos ainda é o de soldagem, mas há dificuldade em realizar as uniões sem danificar o componente ou prejudicar as propriedades elétricas em peças finas, da ordem de décimos de milímetros na espessura, com diferentes camadas de revestimento. Este trabalho analisa o processo de soldagem em capacitores, utilizando uma fonte de soldagem por resistência do tipo inversora, estudando os parâmetros de operação necessários para realizar a união de uma chapa de aço com 0,6 mm de espessura recoberta com três camadas de diferentes materiais: cobre, níquel e superfície externa de ouro. Este componente deve ser soldado a uma peça de alumínio. A influência da corrente de soldagem, pressão dos eletrodos, tempo de aplicação da corrente e tempo de retenção sobre a qualidade da união, avaliada pela resistência à tração alcançada e capacidade de realizar a união sem dano aos componentes ou ocorrência de falhas na superfície, foi analisada utilizando projeto de experimentos (DOE). Os resultados experimentais comprovam a eficiência do processo para utilização neste tipo de componentes garantindo a qualidade da junta e do componente para o desempenho de sua função. / Due to the increasing use of electronics in vehicles, the mechanical demands on these items are increasing. In the first vehicles onboard electronics was nonexistent in the middle of the last century, came to be used only for small, operating functions and unimportant to safety, and when there was a failure there was life threatening. In cars developed in recent decades, the electronic components are being used in applications such as fuel injection control, drive systems and brakes, directions and drive electric air bags, which are directly related to safety. The quality requirements of these items rose considerably demanding operation at extreme temperatures and high accelerations. The joining process more efficient to meet the mechanical requirements is still welding, but there is difficulty in performing the joints without damaging the component or interfere with the electrical properties of thin pieces, exhibiting tenths of a millimeter in thickness of different coating layers. This study examines the welding process in capacitors, using a inverter resistance welding power source, studying the operation parameters required to perform the joining of a steel plate 0.6 mm thick coated with three layers of different materials: a copper layer, a nickel layer and an external gold layer. This component must be welded to an aluminum plate. The influence of welding current, electrode pressure, time of current application and retention time on the quality of the union, as assessed by tensile resistance and ability to perform achieved union without damage to components or occurrence of any failures, was analyzed using design of experiments (DOE). The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the welding process in such components assuring the quality to perform its function.

Les liaisons bimétalliques entre acier faiblement allié et acier inoxydable sont nombreuses au sein des réacteurs nucléaires français où elles assurent la connexion entre les principaux composants et les tuyauteries du circuit primaire. Le revêtement interne de cuve réalisé par soudage feuillard-flux est un autre cas de soudure dissimilaire dont le rôle est d'assurer une bonne protection contre la corrosion. Ce travail de thèse a notamment pour but de comprendre la genèse des microstructures complexes se formant à l'interface entre les deux aciers pendant le soudage. Il étudie d'autre part leur évolution durant le traitement thermique post-soudage à 610°C ainsi que les conséquences de ces transformations sur le comportement mécanique du joint soudé. Partant du métal de base, on rencontre successivement une fine bande de martensite, une zone purement austénitique puis la microstructure biphasée δ/γ de l'acier inoxydable. Des techniques de microscopie (MEB, EDS, EBSD) combinées à des calculs thermo-cinétiques (modèle de Scheil-Gulliver, surfusion en pointe de dendrite) ont permis d'expliquer le gradient de microstructure et les raisons des transitions de phases observées. Au cours du traitement thermique de détensionnement à 610°C, le gradient de potentiel chimique du carbone à travers l'interface de fusion cause la dissolution de la cémentite et la croissance des grains du côté faiblement allié. On observe également la diffusion du carbone à travers l'interface et la précipitation de carbures riches en Cr dans le liseré martensitique et la zone austénitique. Une caractérisation détaillée des profils de composition et de la précipitation a été réalisée à différentes échelles (depuis le millimètre jusqu'au niveau atomique). Un modèle mésoscopique, s'appuyant sur des bases de données thermodynamiques et cinétiques, a été développé pour coupler la diffusion à longue distance dans un milieu multi-constitué à la germination et croissance des précipités (approche de type Kampmann-Wagner). Il a permis de prévoir la teneur en carbone ainsi que la fraction volumique et la distribution de taille des précipités en fonction de la distance à l'interface. Les conséquences de la forte variabilité de microstructure sur le comportement mécanique local ont été analysées dans la dernière partie de ce travail, en particulier les aspects de déformation localisée et de rupture ductile. Des lois de comportement élasto-plastique ont été déterminées pour chacune des régions de l'assemblage à l'état détensionné. L'étude des mécanismes de rupture ductile dans les zones les plus faibles de la soudure, c'est-à-dire le métal de base décarburé et les couches de revêtement austénitique a donné lieu à des observations in-situ et une modélisation de l'endommagement. / Dissimilar welds between low-alloy steel and stainless steel are numerous within the French nuclear power plants where they enable connecting the main components to the primary circuit pipes. The internal cladding (in stainless steel) of the pressure vessel (in bainitic steel) made by submerged arc welding is another case of dissimilar weld whose goal is the protection against corrosion. This PhD work aims at understanding the complex microstructures which form at the interface between both steels during welding together with their evolution during the post-weld heat-treatment at 610°C and their consequences on the mechanical behavior of the welded assembly. Starting from the base metal, one meets successively a thin layer of martensite, a fully austenitic zone and the two-phase δ/γ microstructure of the stainless steel. Microscopy techniques (SEM, EDS, EBSD) combined with thermo-kinetics calculations (Scheil-Gulliver model, dendrite tip undercooling) have allowed explaining the graded microstructure and the reasons for the observed phase transitions. During the post-weld heat-treatment, the large gradient of carbon chemical potential across the fusion line leads to cementite dissolution and grain growth on the low-alloyed side. Carbon diffusion through the interface and Cr-rich carbides precipitation in both the martensitic layer and the austenitic weld have also been observed. An in-depth characterization has been performed at different scales (from the millimeter to the atomic level) to quantify the extent of carbon diffusion and carbides precipitation during the phase transformations. A mesoscopic thermodynamic and kinetic model based on Calphad databases has been developed to fully couple long-range diffusion in a multi-component system with precipitates nucleation and growth (Numerical Kampmann-Wagner approach). It allowed a prediction of the carbon content, volume fraction and size distribution of the precipitates at any distance from the fusion line. The consequences of the high variability of microstructures on the local mechanical behavior have been examined in the last part of this work, in particular the localization of deformation and the ductile failure. Elasto-plastic constitutive laws were determined for each region of the dissimilar weld in the heat-treated state. Ductile failure mechanisms in the weak zones of the weld, namely the decarburized base metal and the stainless steel cladding layers, were investigated through in-situ observations and damage modeling.

This doctoral thesis summarizes the theoretical and experimental knowledge in the field of dissimilar weld joint of progressive austenitic and ferritic creep-resistant steels. The following materials were selected for the presented study: 316Ti stabilized austenitic stainless steel, martensitic 9-12 %Cr steel P92 and ferritic ODS steel MA 956. The main attention was focused on the long-term microstructural stability during high temperature exposure of heterogeneous joints of the austenite / ferrite type. The literature analysis critically evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field of microstructural stability of advanced creep-resistant steels weld joints. The practical experimental part was carried out in two directions. On the basis of the chemical composition phase equilibrium calculations were performed for each steel using the ThermoCalc software, giving the basic concepts about the dependence of the phase composition and the chemical composition of phases on temperature. In parallel with these calculations the laboratory joints 316Ti/P92 made by resistance welding and the MA 956/316Ti electron beam weld joints were prepared, analyzed in as-weld state and further annealed at different temperature conditions. Exposed joints were subjected to microstructure and phase analysis. The stability of the weld interface was mainly observed. Attention was also focused on the agreement between the calculation and experimental data in comparison with data published in the literature. Based on the calculations, experimental results and published data the suitability of the combination of materials is discussed in the thesis and reasoning about the behavior of studied weld joints during long-term high temperature exposure was formulated. Based on the results the expected degree of microstructural stability of 316Ti/P92 joint was confirmed, while the joints MA 956/316Ti were found to be unstable.

This diploma thesis deals with welding of two dissimilar materials by laser. The samples were welded by direct beam guidance and wobbling, with and without using high alloy filler material and with the use of a diffusion barrier in the form of nickel. Welding was done with different shielding atmospheres. Nondestructive (VT, PT, UT-PA, RT) and destructive tests were performer (tensile test at room and elevated temperatures, microhrardness). Metalography was suplemented by EDX analysis of selected elements.