Em projetos de oleodutos e gasodutos utilizam-se aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL), como o aço API 5L X80. Na soldagem multipasse destas tubulações, a zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) do passe de raiz é submetida a um novo ciclo térmico pelos passes de soldagem subsequentes. Isto resulta em alterações nos valores das propriedades físicas. Nos aços ARBL, a ZAC de grãos grosseiros reaquecida intercriticamente (IC-ZACGG) pode se tornar uma zona frágil localizada, isto é, uma zona com maior dureza. Consequentemente, falhas estruturais podem ocorrer, ocasionando paradas não desejadas no transporte de fluidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia baseada no modelo de fontes de calor distribuídas de Mhyr e Gröng, para avaliar o fluxo de calor na soldagem considerando as propriedades físicas dependentes da temperatura. Estender a aplicação desta ferramenta em soldagens multipasses para identificar sub-regiões da ZAC de um passe anterior sendo afetada pela ZAC de passes subsequentes. As isotermas simuladas foram validadas através de medições realizadas em macrografias de juntas soldadas. Os ciclos térmicos simulados foram validados através das temperaturas máximas atingidas e pelos tempos de resfriamento de 800 a 500 ºC (?t8-5) dos ciclos térmicos experimentais. Ao aplicar a metodologia proposta, foi possível delimitar com acurácia as regiões reaquecidas da ZAC e analisar os efeitos dos passes subsequentes em cada uma das sub-regiões da ZAC do passe de raiz. A IC-ZACGG na região do passe de raiz foi localizada, mas não se comportou como zona frágil devido à boa soldabilidade do aço API 5L X80 comprovada pelos ensaios de dureza e de tenacidade ao impacto Charpy-V. / In pipelines projects, the high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are used, such as the API 5L X80 steel. During the multipass welding of these pipes, the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the root pass is subjected to a new thermal cycle by the subsequent welding passes. This results in changes in the values of the physical properties. In the HSLA steels, the intercritical reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (IR-CGHAZ) can become a local brittle zone, that is, a region with greater hardness. Consequently, structural failures could happen, causing undesired shutdowns in fluid transportation. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology based on the distributed heat sources model of Mhyr and Gröng, to evaluate the heat flux in the welding considering the temperature-dependent physical properties. Extend the application of this tool in multipass welds to identify HAZ subregions of a previous pass being affected by the HAZ of subsequent passes. The simulated isotherms were validated through measurements made on macrographs of welded joints. The simulated thermal cycles were validated through the maximum temperatures reached and the cooling times from 800 °C to 500 ºC (?t8-5) of the experimental thermal cycles. By applying the proposed methodology, it was possible to accurately delimit reheated HAZ regions and analyze the effects of subsequent passes in each of the root pass HAZ subregions. The IRCGHAZ in the root pass region was localized, but it did not behave as a brittle zone due to the good weldability of the API 5L X80 steel as proven by the hardness and Charpy-V impact tests.

L’utilisation d'énergie en milieu urbain est essentielle pour le bon fonctionnement de notre société, en particulier pour les besoins de chauffage qui est un élément central de notre système énergétique souvent considéré comme allant de soi. Dans ce cadre, les systèmes énergétiques urbains et en particulier les réseaux de chaleur urbains ont besoin d’évoluer pour s'adapter à la transition à venir vers un système énergétique durable. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de présenter, de discuter et d’évaluer, du point de vue technico-économique, le concept de micro-réseaux de chaleur urbains basse température comme réseaux secondaires de distribution de chaleur actifs. Dans cette thèse, une approche méthodologique mixte basée sur la simulation analytique pour l'évaluation des alternatives est développée et discutée pour étudier une combinaison de technologies associées aux sous-stations basse température. Les principaux résultats de ce travail couvrent : le développement d’un modèle amélioré de charges thermiques agrégées ; la comparaison des performances des réseaux basse température ; l’analyse des avantages et des inconvénients des sous-stations actives couplées à des sources de chaleur ou du stockage distribuées ; et les effets d’une température de retour du réseau primaire plus basse. Les conclusions révèlent que la conception et le fonctionnement intégrés du micro-réseau de chaleur urbain actif ont le potentiel d'améliorer les performances de l'ensemble du système, afin de relever ses défis d'une manière efficace et rentable. Ce travail fait progresser les connaissances actuelles sur le chauffage urbain en identifiant les synergies et les enjeux associés, en vue de que ces technologies jouent un rôle clé dans le futur système énergétique intelligent et durable. / Energy use in the urban environment is vital for the proper functioning of our society, and in particular, comfort heating –and cooling– is a central element of our energy system that is often taken for granted. Within this context, district energy systems and especially, district heating (DH) systems must evolve to adapt to the upcoming decades-long transition towards a sustainable energy system. This dissertation seeks to introduce, discuss, and asses from a techno-economic perspective, the concept of low-temperature based thermal micro-grids (subnets) as active distribution thermal networks. For this purpose, a mixed methodological approach based on analytical simulation for the assessment of alternatives is developed and discussed to evaluate a set of technologies. Key findings of this research include: an updated and improved model of aggregated heat loads; the identification of differences in load and temperature patterns for certain LT subnets; the analysis of benefits and drawbacks of active substations with distributed heat sources and/or storage; and the impact of the reduction of the primary network return temperature, which leads to lower generation & operating costs. These outcomes reveal that the integrated design and operation of the active thermal micro-grid have the potential to improve the performance of the entire system, to address the matter of providing comfort heating in an effective and cost-efficient manner. This work advances the current DH knowledge by identifying synergies and challenges that arise with these new developments, in order for DH to play a key role in the future smart and sustainable energy system.

Em projetos de oleodutos e gasodutos utilizam-se aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL), como o aço API 5L X80. Na soldagem multipasse destas tubulações, a zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) do passe de raiz é submetida a um novo ciclo térmico pelos passes de soldagem subsequentes. Isto resulta em alterações nos valores das propriedades físicas. Nos aços ARBL, a ZAC de grãos grosseiros reaquecida intercriticamente (IC-ZACGG) pode se tornar uma zona frágil localizada, isto é, uma zona com maior dureza. Consequentemente, falhas estruturais podem ocorrer, ocasionando paradas não desejadas no transporte de fluidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia baseada no modelo de fontes de calor distribuídas de Mhyr e Gröng, para avaliar o fluxo de calor na soldagem considerando as propriedades físicas dependentes da temperatura. Estender a aplicação desta ferramenta em soldagens multipasses para identificar sub-regiões da ZAC de um passe anterior sendo afetada pela ZAC de passes subsequentes. As isotermas simuladas foram validadas através de medições realizadas em macrografias de juntas soldadas. Os ciclos térmicos simulados foram validados através das temperaturas máximas atingidas e pelos tempos de resfriamento de 800 a 500 ºC (?t8-5) dos ciclos térmicos experimentais. Ao aplicar a metodologia proposta, foi possível delimitar com acurácia as regiões reaquecidas da ZAC e analisar os efeitos dos passes subsequentes em cada uma das sub-regiões da ZAC do passe de raiz. A IC-ZACGG na região do passe de raiz foi localizada, mas não se comportou como zona frágil devido à boa soldabilidade do aço API 5L X80 comprovada pelos ensaios de dureza e de tenacidade ao impacto Charpy-V. / In pipelines projects, the high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are used, such as the API 5L X80 steel. During the multipass welding of these pipes, the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the root pass is subjected to a new thermal cycle by the subsequent welding passes. This results in changes in the values of the physical properties. In the HSLA steels, the intercritical reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (IR-CGHAZ) can become a local brittle zone, that is, a region with greater hardness. Consequently, structural failures could happen, causing undesired shutdowns in fluid transportation. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology based on the distributed heat sources model of Mhyr and Gröng, to evaluate the heat flux in the welding considering the temperature-dependent physical properties. Extend the application of this tool in multipass welds to identify HAZ subregions of a previous pass being affected by the HAZ of subsequent passes. The simulated isotherms were validated through measurements made on macrographs of welded joints. The simulated thermal cycles were validated through the maximum temperatures reached and the cooling times from 800 °C to 500 ºC (?t8-5) of the experimental thermal cycles. By applying the proposed methodology, it was possible to accurately delimit reheated HAZ regions and analyze the effects of subsequent passes in each of the root pass HAZ subregions. The IRCGHAZ in the root pass region was localized, but it did not behave as a brittle zone due to the good weldability of the API 5L X80 steel as proven by the hardness and Charpy-V impact tests.