In recent decades, the night lights data of the Earth’s surface derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) have been used to detect the human settlements and human activities, because the DMSP/OLS data is able to supply the information about the urban areas  and non-urban areas on the Earth which means it is more suitable for urban studies than usual satellite imagery data.   The urban development is closed linked to the human society development. Therefore, studies of urban development will help people to understand how the urban changed and predict the urban change. The aim of this study was to detect Beijing’s urban development from 1992 to 2012, and find the contributions to the urban sprawl from socio-economic factors. Based on this objective, the main dataset used in this thesis was night lights images derived from the DMSP/OLS which was detected from  1992 to 2012. Due to the lacking of on-board calibration on OLS, and the over-glow of the lights resources, the information about the night lights cannot be extracted directly. Before any process, the night lights images should be calibrated. There is a method to calibrate the night light images which is called intercalibration. It is a second order regression model based method to find the related digital number values. Therefore, intercalibration was employed, and the threshold values were determined to extract urban areas in this study. Threshold value is useful for diffusing the over-glow effect, and finding the urban areas from the DMSP/OLS data. The methods to determine the threshold value in this thesis are empirical threshold method, sudden jump detection method, statistic data comparison method and k-mean clustering method. In addition, 13 socio-economic factors which included gross domestic product, urban population, permanent population, total energy consumption and so on were used to build the regression model. The contributions from these factors to the sum of the Beijing’s lights were found based on modeling.   The results of this thesis are positive. The intercalibration was successful and all the DMSP/OLS data used in this study were calibrated. And then, the appropriate threshold values to extract the urban areas were figured out. The achieved urban areas were compared to the satellite images and the result showed that the urban areas were useful. During the time certain factors used in this study, such as mobile phone users, possession of civil vehicles, GDP, three positively highest contributed to urban development were close to 23%, 8% and 9%, respectively.

Esta tese propõe o uso da geoinformação a serviço da demografia tomando-se a distribuição da população na Amazônia Brasileira como objeto de estudo. Foram desenvolvidos métodos baseados em dados de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de análise espacial para representar a população em superfícies de densidade. O objetivo geral foi verificar a utilidade dos dados de sensoriamento remoto para compor a base do processo de redistribuição da população, em comparação com métodos tradicionais. Especificamente, foram utilizadas imagens de luzes noturnas do sistema DMSP/OLS para a Amazônia Legal, e imagens dos sistemas CCD-CBERS1 e TM-Landsat, para a escala municipal. Inicialmente, um mosaico de imagens de luzes noturnas DMSP/OLS foi avaliado quanto à capacidade de detectar presença e atividade humana na região. As relações lineares entre pixels de luzes DMSP e população urbana, área urbanizada e consumo de energia elétrica obtidas, motivaram o desenvolvimento de um produto de luzes noturnas mais recente e adequado para estudos de distribuição de população. A análise deste mosaico indicou o potencial e as restrições da informação de luzes noturnas para estimar a evolução dos valores de população urbana. Um novo método para interpolar e redistribuir população utilizando informações de luzes noturnas, denominado DMSPop_M foi apresentado. A superfície de densidade populacional resultante mostrou-se uma opção intermediária entre as superfícies obtidas através das técnicas tradicionais para interpolar população, e a representação através dos setores censitários. Para a escala municipal, outro método multivariado para distribuir população foi desenvolvido para Marabá - PA. Dados provenientes da classificação digital de imagens CBERS e Landsat e outros dados geográficos foram selecionados como variáveis indicadoras da presença de população. Através de técnicas de pertinência e inferência Fuzzy a população dos setores censitários foi redistribuída em superfícies de densidade populacional. A superfície que melhor representou a distribuição populacional foi aquela obtida através de média simples das variáveis. O método desenvolvido poderá ser aplicado para modelos mais robustos em que as superfícies resultantes refletirão a relação entre variáveis proposta. Os dados de sensoriamento remoto foram fundamentais para incluir a heterogeneidade espacial nos métodos desenvolvidos. Finalmente, este trabalho contribui para que estudos de modelagem, e planejamento para a região Amazônica possam incluir adequadamente a dimensão humana no que se refere à distribuição e representação de sua densidade populacional. / This thesis presents the use of geoinformation as a valuable tool for demographic studies where the subject of interest is the population distribution over the Brazilian Amazon. Population density surfaces based on remote sensing data and spatial analysis techniques are developed as an alternative approach to represent population distribution. Remote sensing data is hypothesized as the basis for disaggregation methods to distribute population in regular cells. Specifically, imagery from DMSP/OLS night-time lights is used at global scale and from CCD-CBERS1 with TM-Landsat imagery at municipal scale. First, DMSP/OLS data is evaluated about the relations between night-time lights and human activities in Amazônia. Significative linear correlations between night-time lights and urban population, electrical power consumption and urban area are obtained. Thus, alternative techniques to generate a night-time lights mosaic are proposed and a new mosaic is generated to be used as a reference of urban population distribution. The analysis of this new DMSP mosaic reveals its potential and restrictions to estimate and to monitor the annual evolution of urban settlements. A new interpolation method to generate population density surface is developed using night-time lights data. The resultant surface, comparing to the usual interpolation methods for population is considered an intermediary option between the traditional techniques and the surface representing population data from a higher scale (the census sector). At municipal scale, a multivariate method to distribute population inside the municipal boundaries is developed for Marabá, state of Pará. CBERS and Landsat imagery and other geographical data are selected as indicator variables of human presence. These variables are converted to Fuzzy memberships and related to each other towards average and Fuzzy operators. The census sector population is redistributed in the population density surfaces. The best surface is obtained from simple average of the indicator variables. The proposed method can support different models and its population density will reproduce the consistence of them. Finally, this thesis contributes to represent the population distribution at global and municipal scale at the Brazilian Amazon. The methods and results obtained here will be helpful for any environmental modeling study in the Amazon region that cares for the local population that has been living there all along.

Esta tese propõe o uso da geoinformação a serviço da demografia tomando-se a distribuição da população na Amazônia Brasileira como objeto de estudo. Foram desenvolvidos métodos baseados em dados de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de análise espacial para representar a população em superfícies de densidade. O objetivo geral foi verificar a utilidade dos dados de sensoriamento remoto para compor a base do processo de redistribuição da população, em comparação com métodos tradicionais. Especificamente, foram utilizadas imagens de luzes noturnas do sistema DMSP/OLS para a Amazônia Legal, e imagens dos sistemas CCD-CBERS1 e TM-Landsat, para a escala municipal. Inicialmente, um mosaico de imagens de luzes noturnas DMSP/OLS foi avaliado quanto à capacidade de detectar presença e atividade humana na região. As relações lineares entre pixels de luzes DMSP e população urbana, área urbanizada e consumo de energia elétrica obtidas, motivaram o desenvolvimento de um produto de luzes noturnas mais recente e adequado para estudos de distribuição de população. A análise deste mosaico indicou o potencial e as restrições da informação de luzes noturnas para estimar a evolução dos valores de população urbana. Um novo método para interpolar e redistribuir população utilizando informações de luzes noturnas, denominado DMSPop_M foi apresentado. A superfície de densidade populacional resultante mostrou-se uma opção intermediária entre as superfícies obtidas através das técnicas tradicionais para interpolar população, e a representação através dos setores censitários. Para a escala municipal, outro método multivariado para distribuir população foi desenvolvido para Marabá - PA. Dados provenientes da classificação digital de imagens CBERS e Landsat e outros dados geográficos foram selecionados como variáveis indicadoras da presença de população. Através de técnicas de pertinência e inferência Fuzzy a população dos setores censitários foi redistribuída em superfícies de densidade populacional. A superfície que melhor representou a distribuição populacional foi aquela obtida através de média simples das variáveis. O método desenvolvido poderá ser aplicado para modelos mais robustos em que as superfícies resultantes refletirão a relação entre variáveis proposta. Os dados de sensoriamento remoto foram fundamentais para incluir a heterogeneidade espacial nos métodos desenvolvidos. Finalmente, este trabalho contribui para que estudos de modelagem, e planejamento para a região Amazônica possam incluir adequadamente a dimensão humana no que se refere à distribuição e representação de sua densidade populacional. / This thesis presents the use of geoinformation as a valuable tool for demographic studies where the subject of interest is the population distribution over the Brazilian Amazon. Population density surfaces based on remote sensing data and spatial analysis techniques are developed as an alternative approach to represent population distribution. Remote sensing data is hypothesized as the basis for disaggregation methods to distribute population in regular cells. Specifically, imagery from DMSP/OLS night-time lights is used at global scale and from CCD-CBERS1 with TM-Landsat imagery at municipal scale. First, DMSP/OLS data is evaluated about the relations between night-time lights and human activities in Amazônia. Significative linear correlations between night-time lights and urban population, electrical power consumption and urban area are obtained. Thus, alternative techniques to generate a night-time lights mosaic are proposed and a new mosaic is generated to be used as a reference of urban population distribution. The analysis of this new DMSP mosaic reveals its potential and restrictions to estimate and to monitor the annual evolution of urban settlements. A new interpolation method to generate population density surface is developed using night-time lights data. The resultant surface, comparing to the usual interpolation methods for population is considered an intermediary option between the traditional techniques and the surface representing population data from a higher scale (the census sector). At municipal scale, a multivariate method to distribute population inside the municipal boundaries is developed for Marabá, state of Pará. CBERS and Landsat imagery and other geographical data are selected as indicator variables of human presence. These variables are converted to Fuzzy memberships and related to each other towards average and Fuzzy operators. The census sector population is redistributed in the population density surfaces. The best surface is obtained from simple average of the indicator variables. The proposed method can support different models and its population density will reproduce the consistence of them. Finally, this thesis contributes to represent the population distribution at global and municipal scale at the Brazilian Amazon. The methods and results obtained here will be helpful for any environmental modeling study in the Amazon region that cares for the local population that has been living there all along.

Idag finns det omkring 5 000 operativa satelliter i omloppsbana runt jorden. Bland dessa finns MATS, DMSP-17/18 och Swarm-A/B/C. De tre satellitprogrammen ger olika data från jordens övre atmosfär där MATS bland annat observerar infraröd emission, DMSP mäter elektron- och jonnedfall från rymden och Swarm bland annat mäter variationer i jordens geomagnetiska fält. Dessa data ger möjlighet att analysera aurora. Aurora, även känt som polarsken, är ett fantastiskt ljusfenomen som kan urskiljas i olika färger och som har forskats på under flera decennier. Till följd av detta finns även möjligheten att göra gymnasieelever mer intresserade av rymden. När elever deltar i autentiskt lärande kan det bidra till ökat intresse inom naturvetenskap. Studien syftar till att undersöka auroraregionerna och jämföra data mellan MATS, DMSP och Swarm för att skapa en helhetsbild av fenomenet. Dessutom utvecklas ett lektionsmaterial som syftar till att öka intresset för rymden och fysik i allmänhet bland gymnasieelever. Metoden för den tekniska delen innefattade att finna konjunktioner mellan MATS och en annan satellit eftersom satelliterna ska ge data för samma fenomen. Under en konjunktion behövde banorna stämma överens samtidigt som satelliterna skulle ha tillgänglig data vid tidpunkten. För den pedagogiska delen har en enkätstudie använts för att samla in lärares åsikter om utveckling och utvärdering av lektionsmaterialet. Fem konjunktioner undersöktes och resultaten visade på en ökning av elektron och jonenergi samt flöde i auroraregioner. Ett fall visade en svag uppåtriktad ström som en potentiell förklaring till den ökade energin, vilket möjligtvis tillåter elektronerna att accelerera mot jorden och därav ökar flödet. Enkätstudien visade att det fanns ett intresse för ett lektionsmaterial. Fokus skulle ligga på att skapa ett autentiskt material där eleverna fick en genomgång om hur polarsken uppstår och därefter diskutera frågor kopplade till materialet. Utvärderingen visade att syftet och lärandemålen för lektionen hade uppfyllts. Eleverna deltog aktivt i diskussioner, ställde följdfrågor och ansågs vara intresserade av materialet. / Today there are around 5 000 operative satellites currently in orbit. MATS,DMSP-17/18 and Swarm-A/B/C are just a few among them. These three satellite programs produce different data from Earth’s upper atmosphere. MATS observe infrared emission, DMSP measure electron- and ion precipitation and Swarm measure variations in Earth’s geomagnetic field. This data provides the opportunity to analyze aurora. Aurora, also known as polar lights, is a fantasticlight phenomenon that can be observed in different colors and has been researched for decades. As a result, there is also a possibility to increase the interest among high school students to learn about space. A contribution to their interest can be seen when the students are allowed to participate in authentic learning.The study aimed to investigate aurora regions and compare data between MATS, DMSP and Swarm in order to create a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon. Additionally, an educational material was developed with the aim of increasing interest in space and physics in general among high school students. The methodology for the technical part consisted of finding conjunctions between MATS and one other satellite. This was because of the fact that the satellites were required to give data from the same phenomenon. During a conjunction the orbits of the satellites had to correspond and the satellites also needed to have available data from the time period. A survey study was conducted for the pedagogical part in order to collect opinions from teachers about the development and evaluation of the educational material. Five conjunctions were examined, and the results indicated an increase in electron and ion energy as well as flux in auroral regions. One case showed a weak upward current as a potential explanation for the increase in energy, possibly allowing electrons to accelerate towards the Earth and thus increasing the flux. The survey study showed that there was an interest in the educational material. The focus would be to create an authentic material where students were given an overview of how aurora occur followed by questions to discuss related to the material. The evaluation showed that the purpose and learning objectives of the lesson had been fulfilled. Students actively participated in discussions, asked follow-up questions and were considered to be interested in the material.

Il a récemment été démontré que la glace de mer antarctique pouvait jouer un rôle significatif dans la dynamique des gaz à effet climatique (dont le dimethylsulfure ou DMS) dans les régions polaires. Ce travail s’est d’abord attaché à la mise au point d’une méthode de mesure fiable du diméthylsulfoxyde (DMSO) dans la glace de mer, supprimant les interférences générées par la production de DMS au sein de l’échantillon en réponse au choc osmotique subi lors de la fonte de l’échantillon de glace. Une procédure de détermination séquentielle du DMS, par broyage à sec, puis du dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) et du DMSO sur le même échantillon de glace a été développée et utilisée à large échelle dans ce travail. Les données du présent travail ont été acquises dans le cadre de deux programmes d’observation intégrés menés sur la glace de mer antarctique à des saisons différentes mais avec une méthodologie commune :1) choix de sites d’étude homogènes afin de minimiser l’impact de la variabilité spatiale sur l’interprétation des résultats dans une optique d’évolution temporelle et 2) priorité à la caractérisation du cadre physico-chimique (texture, température, salinité, couvert de neige, susceptibilité au drainage des saumures,….) avant toute autre analyse. L’étude menée dans le cadre du programme ISPOL (nov.–dec. 2004) a permis d’observer que la stratification des saumures a un impact positif sur la conversion du DMSP en DMS au sein de la glace mais ralentit les flux de DMS et DMSP vers l’océan. Le couvert de glace est caractérisé à cette période de l’année par une perte nette de DMSP et génère des flux combiné de DMS et DMSP du même ordre de grandeur que les flux de DMS atmosphériques mesurés dans le cadre d’autres études. L’étude menée dans le cadre du programme SIMBA (sept.–oct. 2007) a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance du forçage atmosphérique sur le régime thermique et la dynamique du DMS/P/O dans la glace. Les communautés d’algues de surface produisent de fortes concentrations de DMS/P/O en réponse au stress thermique, osmotique et potentiellement radiatif durant les périodes de refroidissement et la mise en place d’un régime soutenu de drainage des saumures contribue à évacuer périodiquement les hautes concentrations de DMS/P/O produites dans la glace vers l’océan sous-jacent. Le couvert de glace affichant une production nette de DMS/P/O à cette période de l’année génère des flux combinés de DMS et DMSP plus de dix fois supérieurs à ceux observés pour la glace estivale. L’étude menée sur de la glace artificielle a permis de mettre en évidence l’impact des processus physico-chimiques sur la signature en gaz de la glace en croissance constituant un premier pas vers la modélisation des transports de gaz dans la glace de mer et leurs échanges au travers des interfaces glace-océan et glace-atmosphère. <p><p><p>SUMMARY - It has recently been demonstrated that Antarctic sea ice recently demonstrated plays a potentially significant role in the dynamics of climatically significant gases (amongst which dimethylsulphide or DMS) in Polar Regions. This research work has initially focused on the development of a reliable method for the determination of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) within sea ice, avoiding interferences generated by DMS production within the sample in response to the osmotic shock caused by melting. A sequential determination procedure of DMS, dimethlsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and DMSO on the same ice sample has been developed and used on a large amount of samples in the present work. Data presented in this research project have been collected in the framework of two integrated sea ice observation programs focused on Antarctic sea ice at different seasons but following a common approach: 1) choice of homogeneous study sites to minimize the impact of spatial variability on the interpretation of the results in a time series perspective and 2) priority given to the characterization of the physicochemical framework (texture, temperature, salinity, snow cover, susceptibility to brine drainage,…) prior to any other study. The study conducted in the framework of the ISPOL experiment (Nov.–Dec. 2004) demonstrated that stratification of the brine inclusions network positively influenced the conversion of DMSP into DMS but decreased fluxes of DMS and DMSP towards the ocean. The ice cover at that time of the year is characterised by a net DMSP loss and generates combined DMS and DMSP fluxes whose values fall in the range of atmospheric DMS flux from sea ice measured in the frame of other studies. The study conducted in the framework of the SIMBA experiment (sept.–oct. 2007) emphasized the importance of atmospheric thermal forcing on the sea ice thermal regime and DMS/P/O dynamics. The surface community of algae produced elevated levels of DMS/P/O in response to thermal, osmotic and potentially radiative stress during periods of atmospheric cooling while the development of an intense brine drainage regime contributed to periodically release the elevated levels of DMS/P/O produced in the sea ice towards the underlying ocean. The ice cover exhibited at that time of the year a net production of DMS/P/O and produced combined DMS and DMSP fluxes more than ten times higher than those observed for summer sea ice. The study conducted on laboratory prepared growing sea ice emphasised the impact of physicochemical processes on the gas signature of growing sea ice and represents a first step towards modelling gas exchanges within sea ice and across its interfaces with the ocean and the atmosphere.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished