Documentary theorists such as Brian Winston and Bill Nichols have theorised the merits of reflexivity to issues of representation in documentary film. They advanced the reflexive mode as a conscious effort to heighten the viewer’s awareness of the problematic relationship between the documentary image and that which it represents. Yet, how viewers read reflexive elements, and whether they raise the viewer’s consciousness with respect to the problem of authenticity in documentary film, has remained under-researched. In general terms, reflexivity is the procedure by which a particular piece of communication turns back upon itself and addresses its inner workings. If communication is constituted by six elements, as Roman Jakobson theorized, then reflexive texts may take as their subject the sender of the message, the production process, its form or inherent structure, the context to which it refers and/or the receiver of the message. Building on this theorization of reflexive strategies in light of Jakobson’s paradigm, a film was produced for this reception study, entitled Silver City (2008), which was edited in four versions that employed various forms and levels of reflexivity. Each film was subsequently screened and discussed in three focus groups. In total, 76 informants participated in this qualitative study. The findings demonstrate that reflexive elements in documentary film do not automatically raise consciousness in viewers of the problematic relationship between the historical world and its representation in documentary film. A wide variety in response was found, ranging from definite susceptibility to categorical rejection of the reflexive elements. The evidence underlines that reception is a complex and hyper-individual process that is determined by a myriad of variables, which include structural competence, personality, (media) experience and the viewing situation. These factors subsequently interact with specifics of the particular strategy that is employed as well as its intensity.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979. / Bibliography: leaves 24-25. / by David Allen Parry. / Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979. / by Robb Moss. / Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979.

Thesis. 1977. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. VIDEOCASSETTE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH VISUAL COLLECTIONS. / Contents of videocassette : My father chases a moth. My mother prepares a fashion show for a school project. My Uncle Dale, my Aunt Jackie, and their daughter Leslie attend an embassy party. Jackie's night out. Getting ready for the ball. / by Mark S. Rance. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAIALABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaf 20. / by Louis Joseph Massiah. / M.S.V.S.

My research is a practice-based project involving documentary production and theoretical analysis of emerging forms of documentary and online co-collaboration, exploring paradigm shifts in digital technology particularly in the web-based feminist activism and feminist social praxis. The practice-led research explores new forms of production practices outside traditional methodologies and dissemination. Specifically, by utilizing cheap digital technology tools and working within online social networking platforms the research theoretically analyses what means were available towards online participatory media practices to create new documentary forms. My research aims are therefore to investigate how the new paradigm shifts in digital technology and the democratization of the filmmaking process, through online, collaborative practice, can allow women documentary filmmakers to connect to a global marketplace outside the traditional filmmaking channels. Further, looking at the history of the documentary form, as well as the feminist movement, I am interested in which of the key themes and debates that have characterized their intersection are still important at this moment of changing and emerging technologies. Can new technologies, access to cheap digital tools and collaborative modes of practice help or hinder the creative process of making a digital documentary? In examining the history of feminist filmmaking and the emerging documentary shifts in production offered the opportunity to position my own practice within these traditions and experiment further with online forms of modality. This experiment allowed me to gather empirical data using new media practices (i.e. creation and curation of online and repurposed content, use of new production tools within online spaces) to create a first person, auto-ethnographic narrative on the subject of feminism and online activism. Additionally, my research looks at the theoretical and historical underpinnings surrounding feminist filmmaking, new documentary practices and its implications within new technologies, and the emerging forms of collaborative online modes of practice. Each of these areas will intersect within the three key areas of debate surrounding documentary filmmaking; those of 1) narrativity, 2) witness and 3) ethics. My practice investigates these interactive, participatory modes created with emerging technologies and online audiences and how this is shifting narratives, audience reception and producing new ethical debates around ‘truth' and ‘authenticity' as these lines are continually blurred. Rethinking documentary in the virtual space brings about new challenges to the old debates around evidence, witness and ethics, as it is the product of a more democratic attitude towards practice, distribution and dissemination of its stories. New participatory audiences are now also helping to create the very product they are witnessing. Therefore, creating media within the public sphere can bring about a wealth of new tools, wider contributions to media making and a more global awareness of its dissemination. But it is not without its controversy and challenges. Further, my research looks at how working within this co-collaborative mode, the position of filmmaker as the ‘sole' creator or ‘auteur' comes into question. It discuses the advantages and/or the disadvantages to this approach and in doing so looks at what contributions and challenges an online audience can provide to support the filmmaker that cannot be gained through historical and traditional production and exhibition forms. What once was a higher barrier to entry into the film business is now a more open and online accessibility where anyone can wield a cheap camera or mobile phone device, make a movie and share it on the internet. These newfound democratic practices could potentially disrupt an already complex system of communication practices. However, it could also supply it with a much-needed collective idea bank for tackling global issues and finding sustainable solutions. Within the scope of participatory practices, a first person filmmaker can experience the greatest of democratic freedom within the confines of this process and delivery. The research is supported and conducted through a practice-led film project, web support platform (including blog and social media sites) and published case study. The final output film project around which these questions are posed is entitled: “Single Girl in a Virtual World: What does a 21st Century Feminist Look Like?”. The film's purpose is therefore to engage an online global audience of participants and contributors to the film's narrative thread by asking for contributions within the production, creation and financing of the documentary film. The practice utilizes social networks, crowd funding initiatives, web blogs, viral video, virtual chat interaction and traditional modes of documentary practice in its methodology in an effort to collect data surrounding activity and attempt to answer my research questions at large. The overall objective is to create an online documentary film that exemplifies feminist activism in a new frame through application of documentary modes and new emerging digital media practices.

My research explores the documentary encounter between the filmmaker and a familial subject who is also politically opposite to me, or what I term an 'extreme other'. The Thesis consists of a one-hour film and a forty thousand word critical and reflective work analyzing the ethical, aesthetic and political implications of this documentary encounter. The subject of my film is my cousin from the USA who used to work as a high school principal, but who over the past decade has adopted ethno-religious nationalist views—including the view that only white males should be allowed to vote in the USA. My aim was to create a representation of my politically 'far right' subject which would be, to use Mikhail Bakhtin's term, unfinalizable. My film and my writing both focus on navigating the possible obstacles to unfinalization, such as the fact that my views may be considered oppositional to my cousin's, my marginal authorial status as a national other, and the implications of theorist Michael Renov's designation of family film as domestic ethnography—a type of film which he writes is so highly intersubjective due to blood relations that the familial subject “refracts” (2004: xiii) the filmmaker and the film becomes an “autobiographical” self-portrait (ibid). I responded to my quandary of representing radical intersubjectivity between myself and a familial 'extreme other' by experimenting with narrative, thematic, and montage strategies deeply influenced by concepts from life-writing, documentary theory, literature, psychoanalysis and ethnography. Through the process of integrating critical exploration with filmmaking practice, I invented a form and style for the film to approach my goal of unfinalizing, while leaving traces of my ethical and aesthetic choices, and of my grappling with the problematic nature of representing opposing political views. Meanwhile I reflected on the ways in which intersubjectivity has been represented between filmmakers and 'extreme others' in existing documentaries, featuring both familial and non-familial subjects. Furthermore I reflected on the autobiographical and performative techniques of marginal authors. I began the film as a way of defending my cousin's liberty to criticize the US Government, in 2004 when the 'War on Terror' was rapidly shaping the zeitgeist. However, I soon found myself in opposition to his ethno-religious nationalist views (to use Manuel Castells' term). Given the radical intersubjectivity indicated by Renov's domestic ethnography, I brought critical concepts to bear on filmmaking practice in order to negotiate my goal of unfinalizing my cousin whilst maintaining my own political views which are radically different from his—and I did this while testing the degree to which this film about him was also about me. Furthermore, I carried out this research to find out how such a conceptual exploration could make an integral and visible impact on the film. I found that part of my motivation for articulating my cousin's criticisms against the US Government was indeed autobiographical—especially regarding my personal desire to escape what I perceived as the American stereotype in England. Meanwhile my reflections on existing documentary work showed me that other documentary makers were also personally invested in their encounters with 'extreme others'—even non-familial ones. Furthermore I developed the view that designating family films as 'domestic ethnography' can serve to obscure the political messages in such films by overemphasizing the importance of the domestic milieu. However, as the director and editor of U Know Them By Their Fruit, my persistent experimentation with autobiographicality eventually led me to further emphasize the public and political aspects of my film. I have contributed an original film built in the unfinalizing tradition of critical reflexivity, while problematising the power of authors to construct subjects. Moreover, I have based much of my filmmaking practice on an approach which considers what is unsaid, the potential we have for radical intersubjectivity. For lack of a better name I have termed this approach my 'spiritual' conceptual framework, and it is tailored for exploring and representing radical intersubjectivity in the documentary encounter. This conceptual framework includes Jean Rouch's ciné-trance, Levinas's I-Thou relation, and psychoanalytic theory of the doppelgänger device. Furthermore, I have tested Renov's designation of family film as domestic ethnography, and provided a critique based on the specific filmmaking circumstances of featuring a familial 'extreme other' subject, in a cross-national US/UK context, where the author is marginal. I have also provided an analysis of radical intersubectivity in non-familial film, based largely on my 'spiritual' conceptual framework. Finally, I took inspiration from performative techniques deployed by other marginalised authors, as well as non- or less marginal authors.

Graduation date: 2006

In order to explore the embodiment of oral history in documentary film this study sets out its analysis in two sections. The first section concentrates on understanding the issue of intersubjectivity in Walter Ong’s idea of ‘orality’, namely, orality as characterized by an interactive relation between speaker and listener, based on the sensual-perceptual experience of sound phenomenon and the expressive act of the spoken word. Additionally, in this first section, intersubjectivity in cinematic experience is also investigated in relation to early German film theorists’ romantic conceptions of filmic ‘gesture’. Employing a ‘performance-centered’ approach, the second section of the dissertation analyzes how the oral testimony and the embodied witness collaboratively produce historical knowledge on the scene of interviewing and beyond. This section will also consist of three case studies covering three broad areas of historical identity: 1. Women induced into sexual slavery by Japanese troops (the so-called ‘comfort women’); 2. Villagers affected by the Great Leap Forward Famine, and 3. Intellectuals affected by political persecutions during the era of Mao.

Orientador: José Carlos Marques / Banca: Marcelo Magalhães Bulhões / Banca: Flavio de Campos / Resumo: Diante do enquadramento que a mídia atribui aos ídolos esportivos, conferindo-lhes aspectos mitológicos que os transformam em heróis, figuras corajosas o suficiente para adentrar no mundo da aventura, vencer desafios e conquistar dádivas em prol da sociedade, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as narrativas presentes nos documentários "Garrincha, Alegria do Povo" (1963, direção de Joaquim Pedro de Andrade) e "Isto é Pelé" (1974, direção de Luiz Carlos Barreto e Eduardo Escorel). Mais especificamente, pretende estabelecer uma comparação entre as trajetórias dos futebolistas Garrincha e Pelé, retratadas nas referidas obras, e a estrutura da Jornada do Herói de Joseph Campbell, um dos mais renomados estudiosos da mitologia universal. As reflexões propostas visam analisar a possibilidade de enquadramento do atleta no âmbito do mito, o que se dá pela verificação da passagem dos protagonistas pelo núcleo Separação-Iniciação-Retorno do monomito, percurso padrão da aventura mitológica do herói, uma figura predestinada a superar desafios e a realizar feitos grandiosos. / Abstract: In the face of the media's attribution to sports idols, giving them mythological aspects that transform them into heroes, courageous enough figures to enter the world of adventure, overcome challenges and win gifts in favor of society, the present study aims to analyze the narratives present in the documentaries "Garrincha, hero of the Jungle" (1963, directed by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade) and "This is Pelé" (1974, directed by Luiz Carlos Barreto and Eduardo Escorel). More specifically, it intends to compare the trajectories of the soccer players Garrincha and Pelé, portrayed in the mentioned works, and the structure of the Hero's Journey of Joseph Campbell, one of the most renowned scholars of universal mythology. The proposed reflections aim to analyze the possibility of framing the athlete within the scope of the myth, which is verified by the verification of the protagonists' passage through the nucleus Separation-Initiation-Return of the monomyth, standard route of the mythological adventure of the hero, a predestined figure to overcome challenges and to perform great deeds. / Mestre