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The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Dolichopodinae were investigated based on the examination of over 340 species from all zoogeographic regions. Sixty-five exemplar species were included in cladistic analysis based on 74 morphological characters of adult specimens. Twenty genera are recognized in the Dolichopodinae: Allohercostomus Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, Anasyntormon Parent, Argyrochlamys Lamb, Cheiromyia Dyte, Dolichopus Latreille, Ethiromyia gen. nov., Gymnopternus Loew, Hercostomus Loew, Metaparaclius Becker, Muscidideicus Becker, Ortochile Latreille, Paraclius Loew, Parahercostomus Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, Pelastoneurus Loew, Platyopsis Parent, Poecilobothrus Mik, Prohercostomus Grichanov, Stenopygium Becker, Sybistroma Meigen, and Tachytrechus Stannius. Eleven genera are newly synonymized: Halaiba Parent (= Argyrochlamys Lamb); Lichtwardtia Enderlein (= Dolichopus Latreille); Phalacrosoma Becker (= Hercostomus Loew); Steleopyga Grootaert and Meuffels (= Hercostomus Loew); Proarchus Aldrich (= Pelastoneurus Loew); Sarcionus Aldrich (= Pelastoneurus Loew); Pterostylus Mik (= Poecilobothrus Mik); Ludovicius Rondani (= Sybistroma Meigen); Nodicornis Rondani (= Sybistroma Meigen); Gonioneurum Becker (= Tachytrechus Stannius); Syntomoneurum Becker (= Tachytrechus Stannius). Eighty-one new generic combinations are established and one new name is proposed for a secondary homonym. Four genera that were sometimes included in the subfamily are excluded, namely Colobocerus Parent, Katangaia Parent, Pseudohercostomus Stackelberg and Vetimicrotes Dyte. A key to the world genera of Dolichopodinae is provided. The Tachytrechus alatus species group (formerly the genus Syntomoneurum) is revised. This species group includes five Neotropical species, all of which are redescribed. A key to the species of the T. alatus species group is provided. The new genus Ethiromyia is also described, including two Nearctic and one Palaearctic spec