Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon Graduate Center, 1987.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Chemistry, March 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Katarína Valová Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršálová, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Misuse of doping substances My diploma thesis describe the term doping, possible causes of doping and its prevalence. It contains the outline of doping substances and methods, the characteristics of individual groups, the mechanism of action as well as the adverse effects of the substances on the health of sportsmen. I also focused on anti-doping organs and testing methods or describing new possibilities in in the fight against doping. I briefly described the process of the doping control and as well as the sanctions.

The possibility of creating superconductivity in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) by means of doping was investigated. Bulk HOPG samples were doped with phosphorous using either ion-implantation or by Chemical Vapor Deposition growth with phosphine in the gas mixture. The methods for testing the graphene samples, once doped, were done by performing R vs. T measurements, and determining via observation suppressed superconductive characteristics signaling the presence of the Meissner Effect in a strong applied magnetic field. Before doping, the resistance vs. temperature (R vs. T) characteristic of the HOPG was measured. The R vs. T characteristic was again measured after doping, and for surface multilayers of graphene exfoliated from the post doped bulk sample. A 100 to 350 mT magnetic field was supplied, and the R vs. T characteristic was re-measured on a number of samples. Phosphorous-implanted HOPG samples exhibit deviations from the expected rise in resistance as the temperature is reduced to some point above 100 K. The application of a modest magnetic field reverses this trend. A step in resistance at a temperature of approximately 50-60 K in all of the samples is clearly observed, as well as a second step at 100-120 K, a third at a temperature range of 150-180 K and a fourth from about 200-240 K. A response consistent with the presence of magnetic field flux pancake vortices in phosphorous implanted HOPG and in phosphorous-doped exfoliated multilayer graphene has been observed. The lack of zero resistance at low temperatures is also consistent with pancake vortex behaviour in the flux-flow regime. The presence of magnetic vortices requires, and is direct evidence of superconductivity.

Measurement of the differential capacitance (C) of a Schottky diode as a function of voltage (V) is widely used to probe dopant profiles in semiconductors. However, the theory of the dopant profiling method is based on an approximation, and does not work well when the dopant concentration changes rapidly with distance. The region beyond the maximum of an implanted Gaussian profile is of particular interest in connection with ingot qualification tests for GaAs, and it is just there that the problem is the most serious. In this thesis, an investigation was made by numerical simulation on problems associated with the profiling method. Programs were written to calculate the differential capacitance-voltage relation for GaAs Schottky diodes with and without deep energy levels, and with a specified dopant distribution. The programs predict what the approximation method would indicate for the dopant profiles according to a set of canonical equations used in the profiling method. The predicted and the specified dopant profiles were then compared. Mainly ion-implanted dopant profiles in semiconductors were studied although doped epitaxial layers were also considered. For ion-implanted GaAs, the predicted dopant profiles were found to be about 10% lower near the peak region than the true dopant profiles, and the predicted profiles were confirmed to be too high in the tail region. For doped epitaxial layers, the predicted profile was found, in some cases, to give good estimates for the dopant concentrations on the high and low sides of the true step profile, but in some others, the predicted profiles were found to be totally misleading. For GaAs with deep levels, a method of calculating the differential capacitance was developed to take into account the fact that the deep levels do not respond to the 1 MHz a.c. signal normally used in the C(V) measurements. It is believed to simulate the experimental C(V) measurements more realistically. The tail sections of the predicted profiles were found to increase with the concentration of background shallow donor atoms in the deep-level-free semiconductor before ion-implantation, and with the number of impurity atoms which are channelled or diffused to the region during or after ion-implantation. This implies that although the profiling method is erroneous in the tail section, it can nevertheless be used on a comparative basis to indicate the level of background shallow dopant concentration, and the degree of channelling or diffusion. The effects of the substrate parameters in liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) GaAs, which include the concentrations of EL2, net shallow acceptors, and sometimes Cr, have been investigated on the predicted dopant profiles for ion-implanted samples. Increases in Cr and net shallow acceptor concentrations were found to increase the steepness of the predicted dopant profile, while an increase in EL2 concentration has little effect. A method of estimating dopant activation efficiency in GaAs has been proposed. This method uses the author's second program to avoid underestimations of the activation efficiency in GaAs caused by the peak lowering in the predicted dopant profiles. The concept of Debye length in semi-insulating LEC GaAs was also discussed. The Debye length given by the standard formula for semiconductors with shallow donors and acceptors can become inapplicable when deep levels are present. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Title: Doping as a problem of current society Goals of the thesis: Main goal of this thesis is to find other options how to increase sportsman's efficiency and performance, not just by using doping. Our next goal is to find out how athletes and experts perceive alternative options and what their opinion about doping is. Methodology: Qualitative research, interview by instruction, informal interview, interview with expert, thinking aloud Results: Results of quantitative research are interpreted in the practical part of thesis by using editing procedures method. Key words: doping, society, sports, performance, self-supporting instruments

An economically reliable technique for the synthesis of silicon nanowire was developed using silicon chloride as source material. The 30-40 micron long nanowires were found to have diameters ranging from 40 – 100 nm. An amorphous oxide shell covered the nanowires, post-growth. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the composition of the shell to be silicon-dioxide. Photoluminescence measurements of the as-grown nanowires showed green emission, attributed to the presence of the oxide shell. Etching of the oxide shell was found to decrease the intensity of green emission. n-type doping of the silicon nanowires was achieved using antimony as the dopant. The maximum dopant concentration was achieved by post-growth diffusion. Intrinsic nanowire parameters were determined by implementation of the as-grown and antimony doped silicon nanowires in field effect transistor configuration.

The scale of the compliance problem that the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) faces was recently highlighted by the exposure of state-sponsored doping in Russia and the series of doping scandals within athletics. This study aims to analyse the problems of achieving compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code. Specifically, the study explores the techniques for, and problems of, achieving compliance in three similar international agreements: the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime. The Conventions were analysed to identify the range of strategies used to achieve (or at least enhance) the level of compliance with the international conventions, to evaluate their effectiveness as a way of generating ideas for improving compliance with the WADA Code and to assess the comparative success of the WADA. To evaluate compliance, three inter-related bodies of theory were used: regime theory, implementation theory and Mitchell and Chayes (1995) compliance system. Qualitative document analysis was used to analyse documents published by relevant organisations. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with senior staff members responsible for monitoring compliance at the international and UK domestic level. The results identified a range of strategies used to achieve compliance, including a global annual index of compliance, independent monitoring institutions, whistleblowing and domestic lobbying. It is concluded that the identified strategies have had modest and variable success in improving compliance, yet have the potential to address the problems of achieving compliance with the WADA Code.

A cafeína é um potente estimulante do sistema nervoso central dos animais e vem sendo usada para melhorar o desempenho de cavalos atletas devido a sua propriedade de estímulo da atividade motora e redução da fadiga muscular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil eletroencefalográfico de equinos submetidos a cafeína comercial utilizando eletrodos de superfície e biotelemetria. Foram utilizados dois protocolos experimentais. No primeiro protocolo dois equinos (A e B) foram submetidos a cafeína comercial e no segundo protocolo dois animais controle (C e D) foram submetidos a um placebo com solução fisiológica. O EEG obtido dessas situações foi analisado no ambiente Matlab® onde se avaliou os espectros de potência. Os dados foram analisados por One-way ANOVA valores de p < 0,05 usando vários testes estatísticos. A análise do espectro resultante mostrou predominância de frequências nas faixas de 20 Hz e 35 Hz para o animal A; 15 Hz, 20 Hz e 25 Hz para o animal B, essas frequências foram verificadas nos animais antes de serem submetidos à cafeína; quando foram submetidos à cafeína foi observado um pico predominante em 10 Hz em ambos indivíduos. Para os animais controle, a frequência observada foi de 15 Hz e 25 Hz para o animal C e para o animal D as frequências foram 15 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz e 35 Hz. Para ambos os animais submetidos à cafeína os resultados estatísticos comprovaram que houve diferenças entre as médias da densidade espectral de potência dos sinais adquiridos. Para os animais que foram submetidos ao placebo os testes estatísticos demonstraram que não houve diferenças das médias dos espectros constatando que a aplicação do placebo não teve efeito na atividade elétrica cerebral nos equin os estudados. Conclui-se que o EEG registrou um padrão diferenciado para os animais que foram submetidos à cafeína. / Caffeine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system of animals and has been used to improve performance in athletic horses due to its property of stimulating motor activity and reduced muscle fatigue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electroencephalographic pattern of horses undergoing caffeine by the use of surface electrodes and biotelemetry system. Two experimental protocols were carried out. In the first protocol two horses (A and B) were submitted to commercial caffeine and in the second protocol two control horses (C and D) were submitted to a saline placebo. The EEG was obtained and analyzed in Matlab® by evaluating the power spectra. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with p-value <0.05 using several statistical tests. The results of spectrum analysis showed predominance of frequency bands from 20 Hz to 35 Hz for animal A and 15 Hz, 20 Hz and 25 Hz for animal B; these frequencies were observed in the animals before being subjected to caffeine; when they were submitted to caffeine it was observed a predominant peak at 10 Hz in both individuals. For animals used as control the observed frequency was 15 Hz and 25 Hz for animal C; for animal D frequencies were 15 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz and 35 Hz. For both animals submitted to caffeine statistical results showed that there were differences between the means of the power spectral density of signals acquired. For animals that underwent placebo saline statistical tests showed no differences of mean spectra stating that the application of placebo had no effect on brain electrical activity studied in horses. Overall results had shown that the EEG pattern was influenced by caffeine.