Yes / Flow experience has been widely investigated in experiential activities such as sports, the performing arts, gaming and Internet usage. Most studies focus on the positive aspects of flow experience and its effect on performance. In stark contrast, gambling research focusing on the negative side of addiction lacks an in-depth investigation of gamblers’ (positive) flow encounters. This separation of research lines seems out of place given that recent research indicates connections between flow and addiction. Joining both constructs in a causal effects model helps to gain a better understanding of their relationship and its contingencies. This paper empirically investigates whether and how it is possible to observe a “Janus face” of flow with its various sub-dimensions in online gambling. Empirical data was collected from 500 online gamblers by applying a structured questionnaire with established scales. The data was analyzed with a confirmatory factor analysis and a double-hurdle model to separate casual gamblers who are unsusceptible to any addiction issues from gamblers affected by initiatory addiction issues. The findings indicate that online gambling addiction is negatively influenced by two sub-dimensions of flow experience, namely a sense of control and concentration on the task at hand, while enhanced by a transformation of time and autotelic experience.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse prend pour cadre d'analyse les systèmes d'innovation et vise à étudier les effets et les déterminants des collaborations science-industrie. Notre démarche empirique repose sur la combinaison entre une analyse statistique et économétrique de données nationales, et la réalisation d'enquêtes exploratoires sur un territoire donné. Pour déterminer l'impact de ces collaborations sur l'innovation des firmes, nous considérons deux mesures de l'innovation : le dépôt de brevet et l'intensité d'innovation. En distinguant entre deux types de collaborations académiques que sont les collaborations avec les universités et établissements d'enseignement supérieur et les collaborations avec les organismes publics de recherche ou privés à but non-lucratif, il ressort de ce travail que ces collaborations ont un effet positif et significatif sur l'innovation. Les déterminants des collaborations science-industrie sont, quant à eux, analysés à travers deux enquêtes : l'une portant sur les entreprises d'un technopôle, et l'autre réalisée auprès d'enseignants-chercheurs d'une université. Les deux enquêtes révèlent que les entreprises collaborent avec des organismes académiques principalement pour rechercher des solutions aux problèmes qu'elles rencontrent, alors que les chercheurs s'engagent dans ces collaborations pour rester au courant des problématiques actuelles des acteurs économiques. Les résultats de la première enquête établissent en outre un caractère multiscalaire des collaborations science-industrie, ce qui relativise le poids de la proximité géographique permanente au profit d'une proximité géographique temporaire couplée à d'autres types de proximité. La seconde enquête, qui s'intéresse à la propension des chercheurs à collaborer montre que les déterminants de cet engagement diffèrent selon le type de collaboration. / The works presented in this thesis use systems of innovation as an analytical framework and aims to study the effects and determinants of science-industry collaborations. Our empirical approach relies on a combination of statistical and econometric analysis of national data, and exploratory surveys within a given territory. To determine the impact of these collaborations on firms' innovation, we consider two measures of innovation: patenting and innovative performance. Taking into accounts two types of academic collaboration, including collaborations with universities and establishments of higher education and public and nonprofit research organizations, it appears that these collaborations have a significant and positive effect on innovation. On the other hand, determinants of science-industry collaborations are analyzed through two surveys: one covering firms belonging to a technopole, and the other conducted among researchers from a university. Both surveys show that firms collaborate with academic organizations mainly to find solutions to problems they face, while researchers are involved in these collaborations to stay abreast of current issues of economic agents. The results of the first survey establish a mutliscalar nature of science-industry collaborations, which minimize the importance of permanent geographical proximity in favor of a temporary geographical proximity coupled with other types of proximity. The second survey, which focuses on the determinants of researchers' propensity to collaborate, shows that these determinants are different according to the type of collaboration.

The food-away-from-home (FAFH) sector in South Africa has continued to increase in popularity. This is illustrated by the increased presence of FAFH in the diets of the country’s citizens. However, the sector in South Africa remains un-researched with regard to understanding household preferences and the composition of consumer expenditure. This study analyses the effects of income and socio-demographic variables on FAFH expenditure for South Africa. These results will be useful to the foodservice sector and policy makers in order to identify potential customers, respond to current customers’ changing demands and develop marketing and operational strategies, and address important nutrition and health consequences, respectively. Data from Income and Expenditure Surveys (IESs) of 2005/2006 and 2010/2011 of StatsSA (Statistics South Africa) were used to estimate the responsiveness of household FAFH expenditure in South Africa to income and a number of socio-demographic variables. The IESs contain a large number of households with zero FAFH expenditure observations which means that the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) would result in biased and inconsistent results. Furthermore, omitting households with zero FAFH expenditure, and applying OLS reduces the sample size and consequently the efficiency of estimation. Previous studies made use of the univariate and multivariate an adjustment factor and a two-stage process where the second stage is a Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) Within-Group estimator. The majority of studies suggest that double-hurdle models are appropriate for applications where zero expenditure observations are due to abstention or economic factors. The double-hurdle model is more flexible than the tobit model because it allows for the possibility that zero and positive values are generated by different mechanisms. The model used assumes independence between the two hurdles. The first hurdle determines the probability of purchasing FAFH, while the second hurdle determines the amount spent on FAFH. The double-hurdle models estimated for the IESs of 2005/2006 and 2010/2011 illustrate that households headed by younger White females with a small household size and living in an urban settlement are most likely to purchase FAFH. However, households headed by younger White males with a small household size and living in an urban formal settlement are likely to have the highest expenditure on FAFH. An increase in income positively affects the decision to buy FAFH and the amount spent by participating households. The APE (average partial effect) was calculated for the income variable. The APE determines the probability of purchasing FAFH and the income elasticities (conditional and unconditional) of expenditure on FAFH by households. The estimated conditional income elasticity of expenditure is 0,27 and the unconditional income elasticity of expenditure is 0,611 for the IES of 2005/2006. While the estimated conditional income elasticity is 0,171 and the unconditional income elasticity is 0,472 for the IES of 2010/2011. The probability of purchasing FAFH is 0,0905 and 0,0568 for the IESs of 2005/2006 and 2010/2011 respectively. The income elasticity of expenditure on FAFH is inelastic and FAFH is a normal good for the average South African household. The small size of the participation elasticities mean that growth in the FAFH sector will be driven by households with existing expenditure. Future studies should focus on per capita FAFH expenditure, the effect of the lifestage of the individual, rather than age, on FAFH expenditure, FAFH expenditure for different meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and facility types (quick- and full-service restaurants) and the effect of income and socio-demographic factors on FAFH expenditure on different food types (for example beef, chicken, lamb, potatoes and salads). / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MScAgric / Unrestricted

Yes / Gambling research often refers to attitude and belief measurements to distinguish between problem and non-problem gamblers. Past studies also indicated that problem gamblers have a tendency to steeply discount rewards. We join both research streams and investigate the relationships between attitudes and beliefs on gambling addiction with the moderating effects of delay discounting using a novel methodological approach of double-hurdle model. We hereby differentiate the five subdimensions of the Gambling Attitude and Belief Scale (GABS): emotions, chasing, luck, attitudes and strategies. Findings show that emotional predispositions and chasing tendencies are positively related to the severity of online gambling addiction, independent of gamblers´ impulsivity. In contrast hereto, gambling attitudes act as inhibitor for gamblers willing to wait for some time to receive higher reward. Findings show that money-related impulsiveness influences the relationship between sub-dimensions of GABS and gambling addiction: Gambling attitudes and beliefs do not necessarily harm online gamblers but that their positive or negative relationship to addiction depends on online gamblers’ impulsivity.

In this thesis, I conducted an analysis of the consumption patterns associated with demographic and socio-economic characteristics, using Tobit and double-hurdle models. Data were collected for 11,574 households from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year of 2014. Specific determinants included household size, age, income, gender, education, race, region, marital status, and whether the household lived in a coastal state. The results reveal that seafood expenditures are sequential decisions. Asian racial groups, households headed by married couples, a large number of members in households, higher income households, and households residing in the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts were variables that significantly impacted seafood expenditures.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Apesar dos progressos recentes do setor de saneamento básico no Brasil, muitas dificuldades ainda precisam ser superadas. A desigualdade no acesso a esses serviços bem como a fragmentação das políticas públicas e a ausência de marco regulatório podem ser citados como os principais desafios no setor. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes da cobertura de saneamento básico no Brasil, com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico de 1989 e 2000 e nos Censos demográficos de 1991 e 2000 elaborados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A fim de estimar tanto os fatores que determinam a existência de esgotamento sanitário nos domicílios de um município (modelo de variável dependente limitada) quanto os fatores que indicam a proporção de domicílios cobertos por esgotamento sanitário (modelo Double-Hurdle), foram utilizadas variáveis de demanda, variáveis de oferta, variáveis institucionais e variáveis de controle na estimação de um modelo. Como resultado, observou-se, por exemplo, que a variável renda per capita municipal não é estatisticamente significativa no primeiro modelo mas o é no segundo, o que parece indicar, por um lado, que a existência de bolsões de pobreza é mais importante do que o nível médio de renda do município no caso da determinação da existência de esgotamento sanitário em um município mas, por outro lado, que a renda per capital é o principal determinante na expansão da rede de esgoto. Por fim, o estudo provou que avanços podem ser feitos no que tange os condicionantes políticos que parecem afetar de forma desproporcional e desigual os gastos dos municípios com esgotamento sanitários. / Despite some progress authorities have been promoting in the past few years, many difficulties remain in the Brazilian basic sanitation sector. The inequality in access to those public services, the non-coordinated public policies and the absence of an efficient regulatory framework are the main challenges to the sector. This study analyses the factors behind the basic sanitation coverage in Brazil, based on the Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico 1989/2000 (1989 and 2000 National Survey of Basic Sanitation) and the Censo Demográfico 1991/2000 (1991 and 2000 Demographic Census), both published by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Two models were built in a way to estimate the factors that determine the installation of sanitary sewer services in Brazilian houses and the factors that explain the ratio of houses covered by sanitary sewer services in Brazilian cities - the first, a limited dependent variable model, and the second a Double-Hurdle model, both using demand, supply, institutional and control variables. An important result, for example, is that the variable income per capita is not statistically significant for the first model but it is for the second, which seems to indicate, on one hand, that the fact that exists many bolsões de pobreza (communities of concentrated poverty) are more important than the city basic level of income in the case of determining the installation of sanitary sewer services in Brazilian houses but, on the other hand, that income per capita is the main factor in the sewer services expansion. At last, progress can be made by studding more carefully the political effects that seems to affect disproportionally and unequally cities expenses with sewer services.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Apesar dos progressos recentes do setor de saneamento básico no Brasil, muitas dificuldades ainda precisam ser superadas. A desigualdade no acesso a esses serviços bem como a fragmentação das políticas públicas e a ausência de marco regulatório podem ser citados como os principais desafios no setor. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes da cobertura de saneamento básico no Brasil, com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico de 1989 e 2000 e nos Censos demográficos de 1991 e 2000 elaborados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A fim de estimar tanto os fatores que determinam a existência de esgotamento sanitário nos domicílios de um município (modelo de variável dependente limitada) quanto os fatores que indicam a proporção de domicílios cobertos por esgotamento sanitário (modelo Double-Hurdle), foram utilizadas variáveis de demanda, variáveis de oferta, variáveis institucionais e variáveis de controle na estimação de um modelo. Como resultado, observou-se, por exemplo, que a variável renda per capita municipal não é estatisticamente significativa no primeiro modelo mas o é no segundo, o que parece indicar, por um lado, que a existência de bolsões de pobreza é mais importante do que o nível médio de renda do município no caso da determinação da existência de esgotamento sanitário em um município mas, por outro lado, que a renda per capital é o principal determinante na expansão da rede de esgoto. Por fim, o estudo provou que avanços podem ser feitos no que tange os condicionantes políticos que parecem afetar de forma desproporcional e desigual os gastos dos municípios com esgotamento sanitários. / Despite some progress authorities have been promoting in the past few years, many difficulties remain in the Brazilian basic sanitation sector. The inequality in access to those public services, the non-coordinated public policies and the absence of an efficient regulatory framework are the main challenges to the sector. This study analyses the factors behind the basic sanitation coverage in Brazil, based on the Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico 1989/2000 (1989 and 2000 National Survey of Basic Sanitation) and the Censo Demográfico 1991/2000 (1991 and 2000 Demographic Census), both published by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Two models were built in a way to estimate the factors that determine the installation of sanitary sewer services in Brazilian houses and the factors that explain the ratio of houses covered by sanitary sewer services in Brazilian cities - the first, a limited dependent variable model, and the second a Double-Hurdle model, both using demand, supply, institutional and control variables. An important result, for example, is that the variable income per capita is not statistically significant for the first model but it is for the second, which seems to indicate, on one hand, that the fact that exists many bolsões de pobreza (communities of concentrated poverty) are more important than the city basic level of income in the case of determining the installation of sanitary sewer services in Brazilian houses but, on the other hand, that income per capita is the main factor in the sewer services expansion. At last, progress can be made by studding more carefully the political effects that seems to affect disproportionally and unequally cities expenses with sewer services.

Cette thèse de doctorat examine les principales défaillances du marché du travail qui entraînent que les travailleurs n’arrivent pas à obtenir la pleine rémunération potentielle qui corresponde à leur capital humain. Il y a « inefficacité salariale » lorsque le salaire obtenu est inférieur au maximum atteignable. Dans un tel cas, les salariés reçoivent un salaire injuste par rapport au capital humain disposé. Cela décourage à investir dans son capital humain ce qui aura tendance à réduire la productivité totale, à affaiblir la compétitivité et à nuire à la croissance économique du pays. La contribution que nous apportons à travers ce travail est de trois ordres. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons un nouveau regard par rapport à l’intégration des jeunes sur le marché du travail. Plutôt que d’examiner si les individus obtiennent un contrat de travail stable ou non, nous adoptons une approche qui s’intéresse à la qualité de l’appariement « emploi – compétences » de jeunes entrant fraîchement dans la vie active. Nos travaux fournissent des résultats empiriques qui mettent en évidence les différentes théories de recherche d’emploi. Dans un second temps, en raison du considérable défi que représente l'identification et l'évaluation des pratiques discriminatoires sur le marché du travail, nous proposons une approche innovatrice et efficace pour examiner le phénomène du plafond de verre (barrière invisible à l’accès des postes de décision mieux rémunérés). Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle économétrique théorique qui améliore la correction du problème de biais de sélection pour les modèles de frontière stochastique. / This doctoral thesis addresses issues related to employees’ imperfect information on the labour market and discrimination, generally all direct consequences of labour underpayment or “earnings inefficiency”. Workers are in a situation of earnings inefficiency when they do not receive the full potential remuneration corresponding to their human capital endowment: unfair pay for greater stock of human capital. This situation is problematic from a policy-makers point of view as it could weaken work incentives, discourage investments in human capital, and harm economic growth and competitiveness. It could also widen inequality within the society and contribute to the increase in relative poverty.The contribution we make through this work is threefold. First, we examine the integration of young people into the labour market from a new angle. Instead of examining whether individuals obtain stable employment or not, we use an approach that focuses on the quality of the job matching for young people entering the workforce and lacking labour market information. This first chapter provides empirical evidence on job search theories. In a second chapter, because of the considerable challenge of identifying and assessing discriminatory practices in the labour market, we propose an innovative and effective approach to examine the phenomenon of the glass ceiling (an invisible barrier to management positions associated with higher earnings). Finally, the last part of this doctoral thesis is devoted to improving the econometric approach we use. We propose a theoretical econometric model that improves correction for sample selection bias with stochastic frontier models.