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For coaches to qualitatively analyze the performance of sport skills as executed by their students, they must possess an internal image of the desired skill against which to make comparisons (Hoffman, 1983; Pinheiro & Simon, 1992). Leas and Chi (1993) have indicated that there are differences between novice and expert swimming coaches in the internal image of the freestyle stroke. They further reported group differences in their ability to diagnose errors in movement form. Study 1 extended that investigation to include a beginning and advanced skill in downhill snow skiing. Two groups of downhill ski instructors (n=8) certified at Level II (n=4) and Examiner status (n=4) were compared on their knowledge of the prototypical versions of the wedge and open parallel turns. They were subsequently tested on their ability to diagnose errors in incorrectly performed videotape versions of those turns. Two Level H instructors internalized the skill similarly to the level of the Examiners on their knowledge of the prototypical skills, while the other two instructors did not appear to have constructed the same type of prototypical model. On the wedge turn diagnostic task, Level II instructors misdiagnosed 50% of the primary errors in student performance compared to a perfect performance by Examiners. On the open parallel diagnostic task, performance across groups was similar for the primary error. It was suggested that the open parallel level of skiing is similar to the skiing ability of Level II instructors, which may have enhanced their ability to better diagnose the errors associated with that skill compared to the wedge turn. In Study 2, participants prescribed exercises for the errors identified in Study 1. Results indicated that exercises primarily addressed errors in the same order as they were prioritized. The lesson plans of Level II participants, however, attempted to address 35% more errors than Examiners. The use of part-task teaching methods, used by seven of eight participants, was subsequently addressed and theoretical implications were discussed. A possible theory of expertise explaining group differences was described. / Graduation date: 1999

A four second eccentric squat test (EST) specific to the sport of alpine skiing was developed and standardized. Eighteen men aged 21-30 with one year resistance training experience participated in this study. The reliability of the EST and various jump tests was calculated and the relationship between EST and SSC performance was examined through the correlation of jump test variables and EST performance. The EST was observed to be highly reliable (ICC 0.99). The kinematic characteristics of the EST were closely related to those of alpine skiing. The reliability of the jump test performance variables ranged from low to high (ICC 0. 10-0.90). Investigators should be aware that the reliability of force and power measures can be confounded by changes in jump strategy between jump test trials. The relationship between slow eccentric strength and SSC performance was dependent on whether the jump was performed for maximal height or minimum contact time. / School of Physical Education

According to Statistics Canada (2013), downhill skiing participation rates have declined from 14% in 1992 to 6% in 2010. Finding ways to counteract this decline by revitalizing interest in downhill skiing is necessary to avoid further negative effects on the economic sustainability of the ski industry in Canada. This study proposes a reliable and valid measuring instrument to identify current factors that affect ski participation among various segments of skier groups. An online questionnaire is developed using extended Shank and Lyberger’s (2015) sports consumption model. It consists of five sections. Data were collected in the winter of 2019 from a convenience sample of 150 university students (targeting 30 participants for each: non-skiers, former-, low-, moderate-, and high-frequency skiers). Reliability was tested using a test(T1)-retest(T2) method among the same participants with a 14-day interval, calculating correlations. Of the initial 64 items, only 29 showed sufficient reliability. Generally speaking, the internal and external factors showed higher correlations, while the situational factors showed very low correlations and all 15 situational items had to be dropped. The results revealed that internal constraints influence former and low-frequency skiers more than higher-frequency skiers and that all current skiers, particularly in the high-frequency group, were strongly driven by internal facilitators such as positive perceptions. Family and financial constraint as an external, facilitating factor appear to be equally important among all groups of ski participants. Culture, another external factor, acts as a constraint on non-skiers, former skiers and low-frequency skiers, but has significantly less effect on high-frequency skiers. Former skiers are most affected by financial constraints, although this factor is also a constraint for other groups, if to a lesser extent.

Title: Didactic methods for teaching of skiing of beginners 6-10 years old Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a "ranking alphabet" for skiing beginners at age from 6 to 10 years old (young school age) and following verification of its effectiveness by using different didactic methods during the skiing education in "Half-day skiing school" in Kubova Huť. Methods: This is a case study that has the character of descriptions with the nature of qualitative research. The main method was the participatory observation by five trained ski instructors. We also used the category system and created seven categories. These were skiing skills included in the "ranking alphabet". To capture the quality of execution, we chose the judging ranges for individual elements in the "ranking alphabet". Results: The ranking alphabet with seven elementary skills was created. Each skill was defined and its level was determined. Children were divided into two groups (parallel and plough ski position). It depended on the quality of individual skiing skills. Every group participated in modified skiing education. In the end skills of both groups were verified by slalom. The use of ski "ranking alphabet" at the beginning of ski training proved to be effective for skiing beginners. Key words: Children, downhill...

Title: The pressure distribution on the soles of feet in the medium parallel turn in the alpine and the telemark technique of downhill skiing Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to compare the pressure distribution on the soles of feet in the medium parallel turn in the alpine and the telemark technique of downhill skiing. Methods: For the analysis of pressure distribution on the soles of feet in downhill skiing was used the pressure measurement system Pedar-X, which works for monitoring of plantar pressure (kPa) moreover. The pressure distribution measuring on the soles of feet was taking place in prepared track of the ski slope in two ways. The first one was the telemark technique and the second one was the alpine technique. For the evaluating and the processing of the results was selected in the right and in the left turn of each testing person in approximately the same part of the track. Results: The results of pressure distribution in the alpine and the telemark position turn have shown the significantly important difference in the intraindividual comparison in every technique. The significantly important difference was detected also in the interindividual comparison in both techniques each other. Keywords: downhill skiing, telemark, Pedar-X, pressure distribution

The thesis is foucused on finding downhill runing techniques and turning techniques of public in the Czech Republic. The work aims to determine what techniniques are used by public in the Czech mountains and how good their technique is. During the main ski season of the year 2006 the rating was provided in four biggest and well {--} known resort. A short hidden observational method was used for finding the results. Techniques were classifiing by present trends and aspects and the results were processing to the tables and graphes. This thesis should help to chart the techniques used by the public in the Czech ski resorts.

Title: Analysis of methods used during the downhill skiing training Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to determine, if by using dividing alphabet at the beginning of downhill skiing lesson in young school age children will more children be able to ski by using parallel method than by using plough method. Methods: The main research method was the selective structure observing during the practical lesson of downhill skiing in young school age children. The succes of managing basic dexterity elements of downhill skiing by using parallel method or plough method was determined. These informations were completed by own opinion, literature, personal experiences with downhill skiing racing and downhill skiing training. The method of the research was direct observation of skiing skills in young school age children at Ski school in Kubova Huť. Results: The hypothesis was confirmed. The method of education with elements of parallel position of ski, including used dividing skiing alphabet at the beginning, is highly effective. Keywords: children, downhill skiing, ski, young school age, skiing style, parallel position, plough position, downhill skiing school, dividing skiing alphabet.

Defining the problem: The aim of this study was to compare the two training systems between the Czech system and the system of the alpine leading countries, fitness training downhill skiers in the adult category. The study group was composed of the top skiers in the category of adult women aged 20-25 years. The result was a difference in the quantity of training units (Czech 287 h - 328 h ALC). Alpine leading countrie's system were leading in the number of hours the load by 12.5% higher than the Czech system, which will be reflected in the overall results of athletes. It was a different number of hours of development of endurance and strength assumptions in the preparation period, which could have repercussions on the overall results, power plants in season 2012/2013. Method: My task will be to compare the method of retrieval and quantification of the preparatory period downhill skiers from the Czech Republic and downhill skiers from the Alpine leading countries. Materials to compare the final work will be available from coaches of both systems of the European team and the World Cup team and the Czech section of the Alpine Skiing (UAD). Goals: The aim of this work is the processing of data on the practice of downhill skiers in the women's category. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of the...

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the school ski training course on the physical, mental and social aspects of the development of younger and older pupils. It seeks to interpret the gained experience, the degree of pupil development in the given areas, the observations and feelings of the students who have recently completed the course. part we deal with the history of skiing, regularities in individual age categories, suitable ski equipment for children, ski training and the school ski course itself. We also dealt with current environmental problems as well as hippokinesis and its consequences. For the research part we used the questionnaire as a research method. We work with pupils in grammar school in the the Czech Republic. Key words downhill skiing, ski training course, elementary school, pupil development, younger school age, older school age