Contexte de travail Le travail de thèse se déroulera en collaboration entre le CTDEC et le laboratoire GSCOP de Grenoble sous la responsabilité scientifique de Henri PARIS. Le travail de thèse sera co-dirigé opar Joël RECH (MdCf) du laboratoire LTDS en poste à l'ENI de Saint-Etienne. Le travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet dénommé FGVV (Forage à Grande Vitesse Vibratoire) soutenu par le FCE (pôles de compétitivité VIAMECA et ARVES INDUSTRIES). Objectifs industriels et scientifiques Ce projet FGVV vise essentiellement à maîtriser et à industrialiser la technologie dite de « forage vibratoire ». Cette technologie permet de réaliser des trous de très grandes profondeurs grâce à une vibration axiale du foret conduisant à une fine fragmentation des copeaux qui s'évacuent alors naturellement sans aucune difficulté. Le projet fait suite à plusieurs années de travaux scientifiques et technologiques, qui ont montré la viabilité technique et économique de ce procédé. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étendre l'utilisation de cette technologie à des applications concernant des diamètres plus petits et sur des matériaux plus difficile à usiner. Le domaine du décolletage est souvent confronter à des perçages de petit diamètre, voire très petit diamètre (<1mm) dans des matériaux difficile à usiner (acier inox, titane, …). Dans ces applications, l'incidence de l'âme du foret devient importante et les modèles mis en place trouve leurs limites. De plus, les aspects thermiques et tribologiques à l'interface copeau outil ne sont pas simples à maîtriser et génèrent un amortissement qui peut être préjudiciable au bon fonctionnement de la tête de perçage vibratoire. Il s'agit, dans un premier temps, à l'aide de résultats expérimentaux d'identifier les phénomènes liés à coupe de ces matériaux qui sont les plus influents sur le comportement dynamique de la tête de perçage vibratoire. Dans un deuxième temps, cette caractérisation devrait permettre de mettre en place des modèles permettant de prédire le comportement et ainsi d'identifier des points de fonctionnement intéressants. Ces modèles seront alors intégrés dans un outil de simulation permettant de prédire le fractionnement du copeau et plus largement le comportement du système composé de la tête de perçage vibratoire, du foret et de la pièce. Dans un troisième temps, l'extension vers les très petits diamètres nécessite une bonne compréhension et un modélisation de l'amortissement issu de l'âme du foret qui devient prépondérant est nécessaire. Enfin, une optimisation des paramètres autour des points de fonctionnement identifiés permettra de répondre au mieux aux contraintes de productivité. Une re conception de la tête, intégrant ces nouvelles connaissances, est alors prévue pour répondre au mieux aux applications industrielles. Les modèles mis en place devraient aussi permettre une extension vers les applications sur des pièces en alliages d'aluminium moulées car les phénomènes de collage du copeau et son l'incidence sur la comportement dynamique de la tête de perçage vibratoire sont aussi présent sur ce type de matériau. / Background work The thesis work is conducted in collaboration between the laboratory and CTDEC GSCOP Grenoble in the scientific responsibility of Henri PARIS. This thesis will be co-directed by Joël RECH (MdCf) laboratory LTDS stationed in ENI Saint-Etienne. This thesis is part of a project called FGVV (Forage Vibratoire a Grande Vitesse) supported by the CFE (competitiveness clusters VIAMECA and ARVES INDUSTRIES). Objectives industrial and scientific This project focuses FGVV control and industrialize a technology called "drilling vibration." This technology can make holes very deep thanks to an axial vibration of drills leading to fragmentation of a thin shavings which go out then naturally without any difficulty. The project follows several years of scientific and technological work, which demonstrated the technical and economic viability of this process. The objective of this thesis is to extend the use of this technology in applications involving smaller diameters and materials more difficult to machine. The field of cutting is often confronted with small-diameter holes, even very small diameter (<1 mm) in materials difficult to machine (stainless steel, titanium,…). In these applications, the impact of the soul of drills becomes important and models introduced found their limits. In addition, thermal and tribological aspects to the interface chip tool are not easy to control and generate an amortization, which may adversely affect the proper functioning of the head of drilling vibration. In a first step, using experimental results to identify phenomena related to cutting of these materials which are most influential on the dynamic behavior of the head of drilling vibration. In a second time, this characterization is expected to introduce models to predict the behaviour and identify points of operation interesting. These models are then integrated into a simulation tool to predict splitting chip and more broadly the behaviour of the system composed of the head drilling vibration, and the drill room. In a third time, extending to the very small diameters requires a good understanding and modeling of depreciation from the soul of drills that becomes dominant is necessary. Finally, an optimization settings around the operating points identified will best respond to constraints on productivity. A re design of the head, incorporating this new knowledge, is then scheduled to suit the industrial applications. The models put in place should also allow an extension to the applications on parts of aluminum alloy castings as the phenomena of bonding the chip and its impact on the dynamic behavior of the head drilling vibration are also present on this type material.

The thesis contains theoretical analysis of drilling by twist drill focused on the step drill. The review includes description of the drill geometry, calculation of the basic parameters of drilling, including forces and process optimization. Following is manufacturing process and analysis of the monolithic step drill designed for the required hole parameters. The optimal cutting conditions are necessary to find for the correct function of the tool. The load values of the tool are accurately assessed using a piezoelectric dynamometer, thereby obtaining the overall progress of individual loads. The roughness of the workpiece is evaluated by the optical measuring device.

Limitation of conventional machining equipment has become a growing concern over the past two decades due to the demands for greater machining accuracy in today’s manufacturing. The development of micro-machining has therefore attracted significant attention; it signifies the advancement of national economy as well as the level of accuracy manufacturing industry could achieve. While the connection between tool lifespan, cost of machining and throughput is well established, the factor of tool lifespan appears to have more significance since the miniaturization of tool could lead to further performance concerns such as its lack of strength and durability. On the other hand, raising feed rate and spindle rotation speed are the two common approaches for increasing manufacturing throughput. Such approaches tend to cause an increase in the thrust force subjecting the tool to greater stress, which is the main cause of tool wear and even tool failure. Through literature review and preliminary experiments, it was found that spot-drill is often done prior to micro-drilling since it prepares a pre-drill countersunk hole that helps the alignment of tool for subsequent micro-drilling. Although such pre-drill step does improve the micro-drilling operation, the fundamental issue of tool diameter difference still remains. Often the tool used for pre-drill has a bigger diameter than the one for micro-drilling although a significant difference is always something to be avoided. This is because the difference has to be picked up by the tool used for micro-drilling and is directly linked to the wear caused by increased thrust force. In this research the operation of micro-drilling is investigated via mathematical models. Such operation is further broken down into various steps and stages so more detailed description can be achieved. The findings are then further enhanced by simulation based on the 3D model of micro-drilling. Three materials were selected for this research: Al 6061T, Al/Cu metal alloy panel and Carbon fibre reinforced composites. Such a selection enables the study of individual characteristics of different materials and the variation in respective thrust forces. Finally, Conclusions present the summary of the main findings from micro-drilling process analysis based on research and investigation shown in earlier chapters. By combining actual measurements on micro-drilling and mathematic model this research hopefully would improve the understanding towards micro-drilling processes.

Le perçage vibratoire auto entretenu propose la rupture technologique nécessaire à une augmentation de la performance du perçage profond. Un porte outil spécifique a été conçu pour permettre les vibrations axiales, et se présente sous la forme d'un système masse ressort, dont les caractéristiques sont identifiés par l'utilisation de la théorie des lobes de stabilité. L'identification des caractéristiques géométriques d'un outil optimal passe par la caractérisation des aspects tribologiques, des caractéristiques mécaniques du matériau usiné, ainsi que la définition d'une préparation d'arête adéquate. Enfin, ce procédé étant piloté par l'énergie de la coupe, deux modèles d'effort ont été identifiés. La méthode CAM repose sur la discrétisation de l'effort de perçage lors de la phase de pénétration, alors que l'approche analytique permet de prédire l'effort à partir d'un modèle de coupe analytique identifié à partir d'essais de coupe oblique. / Self-sustained vibration drilling offers the technological breakthrough needed to increase the performance of deep drilling. A special tool holder is designed to allow axial vibration, and comes as a spring mass system, whose characteristics are identified by the use of the theory of stability lobes. Identification of the geometric characteristics of an optimal tool requires the characterization of tribological aspects, mechanical properties of the machined material, and the definition of a proper edge preparation. Finally, this process is driven by the energy of the cut, and two types of effort have been identified. The Edge-Material-Pair Method is based on the discretization of the drilling thrust force during penetration phase, while the analytical approach can predict forces from a cut pattern identified from oblique cutting tests.