Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1963. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-132). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Driving simulation is widely accepted as a safe, effective, and economical alternative for investigating driver behavior in a variety of contexts. However, in order to apply simulator-based research results to real-world settings, the performance measures acquired through simulated driving experiments must first be validated. This research was aimed at validating the Oregon State University Driving Simulator based on speed, acceleration, and deceleration data. The validation effort consisted of a road test and a simulator test. The road test was completed on a five-lane urban principal arterial in Corvallis, Oregon, and the simulated environment matched the field conditions as closely as possible. Ten subjects participated in both tests. Minimum speed, maximum speed, average speed, 85th-percentile speed, maximum acceleration and maximum deceleration data variables were analyzed using graphical comparisons as well as two-sample paired t-tests. With the exception of minimum speed, all data variables showed statistically significant differences on at least one of the three test sections. However, the researchers considered the magnitude of these differences to be insignificant in a practical setting (on average, 3.5 mph for speed variables and 0.80 ft/s�� for acceleration and deceleration variables). Thus, the results of this research confirm the validity of the OSU driving simulator with regards to speed and acceleration. / Graduation date: 2013

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wichita State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-90). Also available online via the Wichita State University Library website (http://library.wichita.edu/).

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2005. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113). Also available online via the North Carolina State University Libraries website (http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/).

Most safety analysis is conducted using crash data. Surrogate safety measures, such as various time-based measures of time-to-collision can be related to crash potential and used to gain insight into the frequency and severity of crashes at a specific location. One of the most common and acknowledged measures is post-encroachment time (PET) which defines the time between vehicles occupying a conflicting space. While commonly used in studies of motor vehicle interactions, studies of PET for bicycle-vehicle interactions are few. In this research, the PET of bicycle-vehicle interactions measured in the field, a driving simulator, and in a micro-simulation are compared. A total of 52 right-hook conflicts were identified in 135 hours of video footage over 14 days at a signalized intersection in Portland, OR (SW Taylor and SW Naito Pkwy). The results showed that 4 of 17 high-risk conflicts could not be identified by the conventional definition of PET and PET values of some conflicts did not reflect true risk of collision. Therefore, right-hook conflicts were categorized into two types and a modified measure of PET was proposed so that their frequency and severity were properly measured. PETs from the field were then compared to those measures in the Oregon State University driving simulator during research conducted by Dr. Hurwitz et al. (2015) studying the right-hook conflicts. Statistical and graphical methods were used to compare field PETs to those in the simulator. The results suggest that the relative validity of the OSU driving simulator was good but not conclusive due to differences in traffic conditions and intersections. To further explore the field-observed PET values, traffic simulation models of the field intersection were developed and calibrated. Right-hook conflicts were extracted from the simulation files and conflicts observed in PM-peak hours over 6 days in the field were compared to those obtained from 24 traffic simulation runs. The field-observed PET values did not match the values from the simulation values very well. However, the approach does show promise. Further calibration of driving and bicycling behaviors would likely improve the result.

Les simulateurs de conduite permettent d’explorer certains domaines de recherche difficiles à appréhender en conditions réelles, comme l'intégration de différents signaux sensoriels (ex. visuel, vestibulaire, somesthésique) pour la perception du mouvement. Malgré leur complexité, les simulateurs de conduite ne produisent pas toujours une sensation de conduite réelle, spécialement dans les situations comportant des freinages ou des virages. Leurs limites mécaniques en sont la cause. En conséquence, les lois de mouvement des simulateurs sont basées sur la technique de la « tilt-coordination ». Cette technique consiste à incliner un véhicule de telle sorte que la force gravitationnelle soit équivalente à l’accélération gravito-inertielle (GIA) résultant d’une accélération linéaire. La « tilt-coordination » se base sur l'ambigüité perçue par le système vestibulaire entre un basculement et une translation. Sur simulateur de conduite, l'algorithme « washout » combine la « tilt-coordination » à des translations pour produire une sensation d'accélération linéaire. L'objectif de ces travaux de recherche est d'atteindre une meilleure compréhension de l'intégration multisensorielle pour la perception des accélérations linéaires en simulateur de conduite. Les expériences présentées ci-dessous montrent que la perception des décélérations linéaires dépend de la manière dont le basculement et la translation sont combinés pour produire une perception cohérente. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent qu'il y a une différence importante dans la perception des accélérations et des décélérations. Pour le freinage, le rapport basculement/translation le plus réaliste dépend du niveau de décélération. Pour l'accélération, le mouvement est généralement surestimé et dépend du niveau d'accélération. Dans ce cas, la perception ne dépend pas du rapport basculement/translation. Ces résultats suggèrent que les signaux visuels, vestibulaires et somesthésiques sont intégrés de façon Bayésienne. En conclusion, il n'est pas conseillé d'utiliser l'algorithme « washout » sans prendre en compte la non-linéarité de la perception humaine. Nous proposons un modèle qui décrit la relation entre le basculement, la translation et le niveau d'accélération ou décélération souhaité. Ce modèle peut être utilisé pour améliorer la loi du mouvement afin de produire des simulations de conduite plus réalistes. / Driving simulators allow the exploration of certain areas of research that are difficult to reach in normal conditions, like the integration of different sensory inputs (visual, vestibular and somesthesic) for perception of self-motion. In spite of their complexity, driving simulators do not produce a realistic sensation of driving, especially for braking and turnings. This is due to their mechanical limitations. As a consequence, driving simulators' motion algorithm is based on tilt-coordination technique, which assumes the tilt of the car so that the driver's force of gravity is oriented in the same way as the gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA) during a linear acceleration. This technique is based on the tilt-translation ambiguity of the vestibular system and is used on dynamic driving simulators in combination with linear translations in so-called washout algorithm, to produce a sensation of linear acceleration. The aim of the present research is to understand how humans use multiple sensory signals (vestibular, visual and somatosensory) during the perception of linear acceleration on a driving simulator. The conducted experiments show that the perception of motion depends on the manner tilt and translation are used together to provide a unified percept of linear acceleration. Further, our results show that there is an important difference on how humans perceive accelerations and decelerations. For braking, the most realistic tilt/translation ratio depends on the level of deceleration. For acceleration, the motion is generally overestimated and depends on the level of acceleration, but not on the variation of tilt/translation ratio. The results suggest that visual, vestibular and proprioceptive cues are integrated in an optimal Bayesian fashion. In conclusion, it is not advisable to use a washout algorithm without taking into account the non-linearity of human perception. We propose an empirically found data-driven fitting model that describes the relationship between tilt, translation and the desired level of acceleration or deceleration. This model is intended to be a supplement to motion cueing algorithms that should improve the realism of driving simulations.

Thesis (MTech (Industrial Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Simulators are used for many different purposes, among them physical rehabilitation and the training of differently abled learner-drivers. In South Africa, however, the extent of the latter type of simulators is limited to paraplegic learner-drivers only. The reason is that locally sourcing the necessary equipment to adapt commercial simulators for the training of differently abled learner-drivers presents a problem. The concept of Universal Design stipulates that as many individuals as possible should be able to use a particular product. Consequently, a simulator for differently abled learner-drivers should accommodate as many such persons as possible. However, applying Universal Design in the area of design researched for the present dissertation adds further complexity due to the unique nature of the physical limitations experienced by individuals. A differently abled driver puts an extreme constraint on the design of a product - and becomes a limiting user. Nevertheless, this dissertation adopts a Universal Design approach to investigate the possibility of designing such a simulator in South Africa, as well as its viability. A limiting user was included in the research to represent the bigger differently abled community. Field research was carried out by implementing a Participatory Design process. Furthermore, a team was selected according to a Meta-Design mind-set, including professionals from engineering, clinical psychology and occupational therapy. The leader and researcher was an industrial designer.

Driver fatigue is a complex phenomenon that has a range of causal factors including sleeprelated and task-related factors. These manifest as different safety and performance outcomes. Extensive research has been applied to linking these factors to performance impairment. However, little research focuses on the mechanisms by which this link exists. This research project therefore focuses on the processes underlying how driving performance is controlled and maintained during the development on non-sleep-related driver fatigue. The main aim was to establish whether progressive impairment of driving control over a prolonged drive could be attributed to a depletion of attentional resources, as proposed by Resource Theory, or to a withdrawal of effort, as proposed by Effort-Regulation Theory. As a multicomponent skill, driving requires perception, cognition and motor output. The secondary aim of this research was therefore to assess whether a prolonged drive impairs stage-specific information processing. Participants (n=24) in three experimental groups performed a 90-minute simulated drive wherein they were expected to keep the bonnet of a car on a lane (tracking task). The three groups differed in terms of lane width: small, medium and large, corresponding to low, medium, and high task-demand, respectively. To assess the impacts of this task on stagespecific information processing, participants performed a set of resource specific tests before and after the prolonged drive. Each task had two difficulty variations to ensure that performance decrement was due not only to the task-characteristic, but specifically to resource depletion. The tests probing information processing were: a modified Fitts' tapping task for motor programming, a digit recall task for perception, and an object recognition reading task for cognition. Performance was measured as lateral deviation of the car. Physiological measures included heart rate frequency (HR) and various time- and frequencydomain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, eye blink frequency and duration. The Borg CR-10 scale was used to evaluate subjective effort and fatigue during the task. Driving control declined over time and was supplemented by HR, HRV, blink frequency and duration, indicating an increase in parasympathetic activity (or a reduction in arousal). An increase in blink frequency was considered as a sign of withdrawal of attentional resources over time. Driving control declined to a greater extent in the large road width group and reflected a lower parasympathetic activity, whereas the inverse was observed for the small road width group. Resource tests reveal a non-specific impairment of information processing following the prolonged drive. However, this was accompanied by an increase in parasympathetic activity. Overall, results indicate that Effort-Regulation Theory better accounts for the impairment of driving control in prolonged driving than does Resource Theory. This suggests that the impact of fatigue is guided more by task goals and intrinsic motivation than by the manner in which the fatigue state developed. Moreover, performance impairment by effort-regulation is dependant more on time on task than on task-demand

Worldwide, motor accidents are responsible for a large number of deaths and disabilities (Connor et al., 2001), and one of the major causes of motor accidents is driver fatigue. Although majority of drivers are aware of the dangers of fatigued driving, accidents related to this continues to contribute to a large percentage of all accidents, between 5 and 50% (Nilsson et al., 1997; Williamson et al., 2011). The purpose of the research was to establish the effect that fatigue renders on an individual’s peripheral visual field and to determine whether a decrement in driving performance occurs at the same rate as a decrement in peripheral visual performance. Fatigue was induced through time of day as well as time on task. Sixteen students from Rhodes University were recruited, subject to no previous sleep disorders, among other criteria. Each participant was required to partake in two conditions, namely a day condition (09h00–11h00) and a night condition (23h00– 01h00). Each condition consisted of a 90 minute dual task; the primary task was a tracking task, in which participants were instructed to track a white line as accurately as possible. A secondary peripheral response task was introduced, in which participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the peripheral stimuli, by pressing one of two clickers located on the steering wheel. The peripheral stimuli were located at 20º, 30º and 40º visual angle. Psychophysiological, performance and subjective measures were obtained before, during and after the main task. The pre- and post-tests included core body temperature, critical flicker fusion frequency threshold, a digit span memory test, Wits Sleepiness Scale and a NASA-TLX questionnaire. The psychophysiological and performance measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, blink frequency, blink duration, lane deviation, number of saccades towards peripheral stimuli, response time to peripheral stimuli and the percentage of missed peripheral responses were all recorded throughout the 90 minute main dual task. The results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) for heart rate variability, number of saccades towards peripheral stimuli and the Wits Sleepiness Scale, with regard to time of day. For time on task, significant effects were established for lane deviation, response time to peripheral stimuli, percentage of missed peripheral responses, heart rate, heart rate variability, blink frequency, blink duration, critical flicker fusion frequency threshold, core body temperature and the Wits Sleepiness Scale. Eccentricity was analysed and found to be significant for response time to peripheral stimuli, as well as for the percentage of missed peripheral responses; there was a significant increase in both measures with an increase in the stimuli eccentricity. No significances were established for time of day or between the pre- and post-tests conducted for the digit span memory performance; however, a significant interactional effect between the two was established. When assessing the percentage rate of decrement of driving performance compared to the percentage rate in the decrement of the missed peripheral responses, it was found that the percentage rate of decrement was equal for both measures. Thus from this research it can be seen that, concurrent with a decrement in driving performance, there are adverse effects on an individuals' peripheral vision, which have great implications for the safety of workers in industry and transport, as well as motorists. It was also established that time on task is possibly a more appropriate variable to consider than time of day, when implementing work schedules and rest breaks in industry, transport and fields alike, as more significant findings were seen for time on task compared to time of day. / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in